Abstract
Immigration detention and criminal deportation have both formed central concerns in a growing body of scholarship on the interrelationship between criminal and immigration law regimes: a field known as “crimmigration”. Given the integral role that “race” has played in social stratification, it is no surprise that as this field of research has developed, scholars have started to identify racialised dimensions of crimmigration. Yet even when race is centred, the role of settler colonialism as constitutive of racial formation remains marginal, which risks distorting how we see race and racism. By exploring the contemporary application of Australian criminal deportation provisions to exclude Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people who are not Australian citizens, this chapter reveals the foundational and continuing role of “race” and “whiteness” in the formation of Australian sovereignty and citizenship. It builds on existing explanations for punitive approaches in immigration law enforcement by contending that such approaches can be understood as part of the expressive performance of patriarchal white sovereignty responding to the crisis of legitimacy of its illegal foundation. Although the focus is on Australian practices, its discussion of Indigenous sovereignty and crimmigration is also relevant for other settler colonial states such as the United States, Canada and New Zealand.
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Notes
- 1.
Migration Amendment (Character and General Visa Cancellation) Act 2014 (Cth); incorporated into Migration Act 1958 (Cth) s 501. See further, Chap. 6 by Billings and Hoang.
- 2.
Willacy 2018.
- 3.
Love; Thoms 2019, [10].
- 4.
Archibald-Binge 2018.
- 5.
Lawrence and Dua 2005, p. 132.
- 6.
- 7.
Stumpf 2006.
- 8.
Visa Cancellations Working Group 2018, p. 17.
- 9.
Stumpf 2006.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
See Chap. 2 by Finnane and Kaladelfos.
- 13.
- 14.
Garland 2001, pp. 109–110, 132–133.
- 15.
Stumpf 2006, pp. 396–413.
- 16.
Ibid. p. 376.
- 17.
Ibid. 414.
- 18.
Ibid. p. 412 (footnote references not included).
- 19.
Golash-Boza and Hondagneu-Sotelo 2013, p. 282.
- 20.
Armenta and Vega 2017, p. 226.
- 21.
Vázquez 2015, p. 604.
- 22.
Golash-Boza 2017.
- 23.
- 24.
Johnson 2015, p. 12
- 25.
Provine and Doty 2011, p. 265.
- 26.
Grewcock 2014, pp. 128–29.
- 27.
Ibid., p. 129.
- 28.
Department of Home Affairs n.d.
- 29.
Commonwealth Ombudsman 2005, pp. 13, 15, 47.
- 30.
- 31.
Boon-Kuo 2018b, pp. 98–100.
- 32.
Weber 2013, p. 73.
- 33.
Ibid. Note that the terminology noted here is that used in the survey.
- 34.
Moreton-Robinson 2015, pp. 35–36.
- 35.
- 36.
Hollinsworth 2006, p. 68.
- 37.
- 38.
Reynolds 2013.
- 39.
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) (1997).
- 40.
Ibid.
- 41.
Ibid.
- 42.
Wolfe 2006.
- 43.
Perera 2002 paras. 16–27.
- 44.
- 45.
Lake and Reynolds 2008, pp. 19–20.
- 46.
Banivanua Mar 2006, pp. 21, 70–100, 121–148.
- 47.
- 48.
Lake and Reynolds 2008, pp. 144–145.
- 49.
Hollinsworth 2006, p. 97.
- 50.
Cited by Lake and Reynolds 2008, p. 137.
- 51.
Lake and Reynolds 2008, pp. 140, 157, 164.
- 52.
- 53.
Harris 1995, cited by Moreton-Robinson 2004, para. 7.
- 54.
Mabo v Queensland (No 2).
- 55.
Watson 2007, p. 29.
- 56.
- 57.
Giannacopoulos 2007, p. 49.
- 58.
Ibid.
- 59.
- 60.
- 61.
- 62.
Migration Act 1958 (Cth) s 501(6), s 501(7).
- 63.
Ibid. s 501(3A); Migration Amendment (Character and General Visa Cancellation) Act 2014 (Cth).
- 64.
Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ss 189, 198.
- 65.
Note that I have not been able to confirm how each of the men concerned personally identify in terms of First Nation affiliation, and so I use the term Aboriginal or Indigenous unless otherwise referenced in legal reports of completed administrative or judicial decisions.
- 66.
Australian Citizenship Act 2007 (Cth) ss 15A, 16.
- 67.
Ibid. ss 19G, 21.
- 68.
Hands v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection.
- 69.
Ibid. Ryan 2018c.
- 70.
- 71.
Cunneen 2001.
- 72.
Department of Home Affairs n.d.
- 73.
At the time of completing this paper a new policy (Ministerial Direction No 79) came into force on 28 February 2019, replacing Ministerial Direction No 65 2014.
- 74.
Ibid. paras. 9–10, 13–14.
- 75.
Ibid. para. 6.3.
- 76.
Watson 2007, p. 28.
- 77.
Moreton-Robinson 2015, p. 11.
- 78.
Tuck and Yang 2012, p. 6.
- 79.
Watson 2007, p. 40, 34.
- 80.
Gover 2017, p. 454.
- 81.
Gover 2017.
- 82.
Ibid. pp. 463–464.
- 83.
Gardiner-Garden 2003.
- 84.
- 85.
- 86.
Ibid. p. 9.
- 87.
Hands v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection, para. 45.
- 88.
Ibid. paras. 44, 45.
- 89.
Ibid. paras. 50–51.
- 90.
WSML and Minister for Home Affairs (Migration). Note that the AAT redacted details of the applicant’s particular First Nation affiliation, and details of the particular Aboriginal Corporation referenced to protect the applicant’s privacy.
- 91.
Ibid. paras. 147–149, 166–167.
- 92.
Ibid. para. 166.
- 93.
Ibid. para. 149.
- 94.
Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ss 501(3), 501A, 501BA.
- 95.
Commonwealth Ombudsman 2016.
- 96.
Ibid. p. 12.
- 97.
HREOC 1997.
- 98.
Wolfe 2006, p. 388.
- 99.
- 100.
Davidson 2019.
- 101.
- 102.
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Hands v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCAFC 225
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Love; Thoms, ‘Special Case Submissions of the Plaintiffs’, Submission in Love v Commonwealth of Australia; Thoms v Commonwealth of Australia, HCA B43/2018; B64/2018, 2 April 2019.
Love v Commonwealth of Australia; Thoms v Commonwealth of Australia [2019c] HCATrans 39 (5 March 2019)
Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1; [1992] HCA 23
Wehi v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCA 1176
WSML and Minister for Home Affairs (Migration) [2019] AATA 41 (22 January 2019)
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Australian Citizenship Act 2007 (Cth)
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Boon-Kuo, L. (2019). ‘Race’, Crimmigration and the Deportation of Aboriginal Non-citizens. In: Billings, P. (eds) Crimmigration in Australia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9093-7_3
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