Abstract
Halophytes have a great potential in their use as cash crops for fodder, medicine, and other aspects. These saline habitat plants flourish on soils with high salt concentration and can be substituted for conventional crops. A total of 728 taxa of halophytes have been recorded from Southwest Asia. These belong to 68 families. The majority are from the families Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Leguminosae (Papiliondeae), Asteraceae, and Cyperaceae. Chenopodiaceae has the largest number of species and genera. It is exceeded by Poaceae which has more genera but fewer species. Halophytes in this region constitute about half the number of halophyte taxa (and families) recorded for the world. A total of 115 halophyte taxa are evaluated as food here together with a total of 331 as fodder. Especially in the Arabian Gulf countries, Aerva javanica, Aizoon canariense, Blepharis ciliaris, Cleome brachycarpa, Convolvulus glomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Lycium shawii, Senna italica, Tecomella undulata, and Zaleya pentandra halophyte taxa are good fodder for camels, cattle, goat, and sheep. In the Mediterranean part of Southwest Asia, more than 20 taxa are used as animal feed. These are mainly the taxa like Aellenia, Aeluropus, Halocnemum, Haloxylon, Salsola, Sarcocornia, and Suaeda. In Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, the number of halophytes used as animal feed exceeds 100 taxa. The use of halophytes for food purposes in Southwest Asia is as follows: Mediterranean countries use over 10 taxa, Arabian Gulf countries use over 10 taxa, and Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan use over 40 taxa.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
11.1 Introduction
According to Hasanuzzaman et al. (2014), the total area of salt-affected soils is reported to lie around 831 million hectares in the world including 397 million hectares of saline and 434 million hectares of saline or sodic soils. The pollution, degrading environmental conditions, increasing natural calamities, and global climate change are reported to be the main cause for the decrease in agricultural lands (Hasanuzzaman et al. 2013a, b, 2014). Salt is affecting approximately 50 million hectares of irrigated land. This accounts for a 20% of the total land. Every year nearly 1.5 million ha of land is taken out of production due to high salinity problems (Pitman and Lauchli 2002; Munns and Tester 2008). If this situation continues like that, nearly 50% of the cultivable lands will be lost by the middle of the twenty-first century (Mahajan and Tuteja 2005).
Halophytes are the plants able to survive and reproduce in environments where salt concentrations exceed 200 mM of NaCl (∼20 dSm−1) (Flowers and Colmer 2008). These plants constitute nearly 1% of the global floral diversity. These plants are capable of completing their life cycle under highly saline conditions (Stuart et al. 2012). Generally, different halophyte taxa grow in different saline regions in the world. These could be coastal saline habitats, on mangrove forest soils, wetlands, marshy areas, arid and semiarid regions, and agricultural fields (Hasanuzzaman et al. 2014).
Many halophytes have been investigated as potential crops under the sea or brackish water irrigation. Their growth on such soils includes a wide range of applications like desalination, heavy metal extraction in order to improve the soil characteristics, biomass production, food, fuel, fodder, and fiber (Debez et al. 2011; Lokhande and Suprasanna 2012; Hasanuzzaman et al. 2014). A direct halophyte plant consumption by humans is limited. However, the seeds of many halophytes have been recorded as new sources of grains or vegetable oils (Hinman 1984; Debez et al. 2011). The plants able to thrive in highly saline habitats can be used to produce materials with high economical value for being salt-tolerant. These are the essential oils, flavors, fragrances, gums, resins, oils, pharmaceuticals, and fibers (Galvani 2007; Ksouri et al. 2007; Debez et al. 2011). They are marketed for use for ornamentation because of their foliage or flowers (Messedi et al. 2004; Slama et al. 2006; Debez et al. 2011). Salt-tolerant species can be grown on land and water unsuitable for conventional crops to produce fuelwood as well as building materials (Debez et al. 2011). The use of such precious strategies can prove helpful in the reclamation of unused and marginal lands, which can be brought under cultivation, opening a new door for sustainable crop production (Hasanuzzaman et al. 2014). In this chapter, we are focusing on the potential human food and animal fodder taxa of halophytes in Southwest Asia.
11.2 General Account of Halophyte Diversity
This region is mostly arid with gravel and sandy desert areas, lying at the edges of a large tectonic plate. A total of 728 taxa of halophytes have been reported from SW Asia (Ghazanfar et al. 2014). From the data available, Turkey has the maximum number of halophytes (±420 taxa), followed by Pakistan (±410 taxa), Iran (±365 taxa), Jordan (±263 taxa), and Saudi Arabia (±250 taxa) (Table 11.1). In Southwest Asia, this group of ecologically valuable taxa is recorded as being about 50% of halophyte taxa (and families) recorded for the world (Aronson 1989; Ghazanfar et al. 2014). Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Leguminosae-Papiliondeae, Asteraceae, and Cyperaceae are the dominating families rich in halophytic taxa. The largest number of taxa is found in the Chenopodiaceae, which is exceeded by Poaceae with more genera but fewer species. These findings are in accordance with those recorded for the global halophyte taxa (Flowers et al. 1986; Ghazanfar et al. 2014).
11.3 Data Analysis
A total of 16 countries included in Southwest Asian region have been selected as the study area for this investigation. The floristic data published by Batanouny (1993), Batanouny (1994), Le Houérou (1993), Khan (2003), Akhani (2006), Moghaddam and Koocheki (2003), Abbas (2006), Güvensen et al. (2006), Khan and Qaiser (2006), Weber et al. (2007), Yensen (2008), Khan and Ansari (2008), Al-Oudat and Qadir (2011), Cassaniti and Romano (2011), Ghazanfar et al. (2014), Qasem (2015), Breckle (2016), El Shaer and Attia-Ismail (2016), Ghazanfar and McDaniel (2016), Phondani et al. (2016), Öztürk et al. (2008a, b), Öztürk et al. (2014), Öztürk et al. (2016), and Öztürk et al. (2017) has been evaluated in this chapter, together with other published records on halophyte diversity. The halophyte taxa whose status or name has changed, or have become synonyms, or have been included under new combinations, have been corrected following the “Ghazanfar et al. (2014).” The existing potential of food and fodder halophyte taxa has been evaluated taking into account the floristic structure of the study area. The economic potential of the floristic data published for food and fodder halophyte taxa with potential alternative use too has been followed.
11.4 Halophytes Used as Human Food
Many wild halophytes are a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds with a taste similar to conventional salad crops (Petropoulos et al. 2018). These are at the same time recorded as being important mediators in various health problems (Trichopoulou et al. 2000). The lifestyle of present-day humans is creating a market niche for commercial cultivation of various halophytes, because some are handpicked as wild greens and some of these show seasonality, and therefore their availability all through the year is not in a position to meet the demands of consumers (Petropoulos et al. 2015, 2016, 2018). According to Petropoulos et al. (2018), the wild-growing halophytes in the Mediterranean Basin are a valuable genetic source with great adaptation to extreme conditions like salinity of soil and irrigation waters. These could serve as a source of alternative cash crops in a saline agriculture regime. Diversified and higher contents of bioactive compounds in some render them as very promising candidates for the food industry. These could be evaluated for designing and producing novel food products with functional and health-beneficial features like beverages, leafy salads, microencapsulated oils, food additives, antimicrobial agents, and many others (Petropoulos et al. 2018). However, there is a need for a multistep approach for implementation before such products can be produced commercially. All this includes an evaluation of various ecotypes of the candidate species for selecting the ones with most promising properties; an integration of selected genotypes in breeding programs for an improvement of selected features like enhanced bioactivity and content of bioactive compounds, improved agronomic features, and decreased content of possible antinutrients; evaluation of cultivation practices to find most suitable practical guides; assessment of the content of bioactive compounds under the conditions of commercial cultivation; clinical and model trials to know about the mechanisms of health effects together with the recommended consumption on a daily basis, for avoiding possible toxicity effects; designing and marketing of novel halophyte food products; a look-into the alternative approaches for healthy diets and well-being together with the increase of consumer awareness; the legislation regarding consumers safety issues and genetic conservation of the halophyte species is very important (Petropoulos et al. 2018).
A total of 115 halophytic taxa with potential food value have been recorded from Southwest Asia (Appendix I). The only species with halophytic ancestors among the conventional crops are beets (Beta vulgaris) and the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). These can be irrigated with brackish water. The seed-bearing species used as food are Salvadora oleoides, S. persica, Trianthema portulacastrum, Oxystelma esculentum, and Zizyphus nummularia. The young leaves and shoots of Salicornia bigelovii, Halosarcia indica, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Chenopodium album, Atriplex hortensis, Triglochin maritima, Arundo donax, Rumex vesicarius, Apium graveolens, Portulaca oleracea, and Suaeda maritima are used as vegetables, salads, and pickles in several countries of this region. Suaeda fruticosa and Haloxylon stocksii are used to prepare a kind of baking soda, which is used in the preparation of food. According to Khan (2003) and Khan and Qaiser (2006), some of the species used as salad are the radicles of Rhizophora mucronata, Zizyphus nummularia, and Ceriops tagal and tender leaves of Thespesia populneoides and Hibiscus tiliaceus. The seeds of halophytes like Suaeda fruticosa, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Salicornia bigelovii, Halosarcia indica, Halogeton glomeratus, Bassia scoparia, and Haloxylon stocksii are reported to possess sufficient quantity of high-quality edible oil with unsaturation ranging from 70% to 80% (Weber et al. 2001; Weber et al. 2007). The data published by Khan (2003) and Khan and Qaiser (2006) reports that the seeds of Salvadora oleoides and S. persica contain 40–50% fat. They stress that these plants are a good source of lauric acid. The purified fat can be used for soap- and candlemaking and is a potential substitute for coconut oil.
11.5 Halophyte Taxa with a Potential as Fodder Plants
In arid and semiarid regions for millennia, halophytes and salt-tolerant plants have been used as sources of food (Le Houérou 1993; Glenn et al. 1999; El Shaer 1999, 2010; El Shaer et al. 2005). According to El Shaer (2010), a large number of halophytes, as well as salt-tolerant taxa, have been evaluated as fodder especially under drought conditions as well as fill the gap in feeding animals during fodder shortage resulting from adverse seasonal conditions. The value of certain some halophytic shrubs, legumes, and grasses has been used in pasture improvement programs as well as in many salt-affected regions at the global level (Glenn et al. 1999; ICBA 2006; El Shaer 2010). In arid as well as semiarid areas, many of the fodder plants come from several salt marsh taxa. According to Salerian et al. (1987), Malcolm (1993), and El Shaer (2010), farmers have always been making money from saline wastelands. Extension of halophytes and other salt-tolerant plants into farming practices depends on their compatibility with current land use system. It depends on the provision of enough incentive to encourage pasture and forage crop production as well as on the acceptance by farmers (El Shaer 2010).
In both arid and semiarid regions, the halophytes together with other salt-tolerant plants have been a major part of the feeding program of sheep, goats, camels, and some wildlife animals (Squires and Ayoub 1994; El Shaer 1997a, b, 2010). Shortage of fodder is a common feature in such regions, and it is the main constraint to improve livestock productivity. Tremendous efforts have been spent to find alternative resources of fodder from saline habitats (El Shaer 2006). In particular, the halophytic forage species will have better cash value if their forage qualities such as high palatability and digestibility and good nutritional value in particular high protein and less fiber, ash, and oxalate contents are significantly improved (El Shaer 2006). Generally, the majority of halophyte species contain enough quantity of crude protein, as well as essential nutrients which cover the nutritional requirements of animals (Arieli et al. 1989; El Shaer 1981, 2006). As the plants grow and reach maturity, fibrous materials and ash contents increase, whereas the gross energy and protein contents decrease (Kandil and El Shaer 1988; El Shaer 2006). It has also been reported that during wet seasons, several halophytes are nutritious and can sustain the maintenance requirements of animals, but in summer and autumn when the conditions are dry, the halophytes are poor and need to be supplemented with other ingredients, particularly with higher energy values (Atiq-ur-Rehman 2002; El Shaer 1997a, b, 2006). Although some halophytes are deficient in sulfur and phosphorus, sufficient amounts of major minerals are found in salt marsh plants, which do not produce any harmful effect even when such minerals are found in high concentrations in some of these (El Shaer 1981, 2006; Gihad and El Shaer 1994).
As individual fodder source, the halophytic taxa are not much valuable. The reason being that extended feeding periods produce adverse effects on browsing animals. Different factors are responsible for fodder consumption by different animals because of the variations in the palatability and acceptability of halophytes (Gihad and El Shaer 1994; El Shaer 2006). Some halophyte plants can be given to the animals directly, and some can be left for direct grazing as fresh fodder consumption. Some of the latter are highly or moderately palatable and nutritious, for example, Atriplex spp., Nitraria retusa, and Suaeda fruticosa. These taxa are generally overgrazed and decrease in the cover due to high grazing pressure (El Shaer 1981, 2006). Mixing halophytes as forage with other fodders rich in protein or energy can improve nutritional value to a great extent (El Shaer 2006). As against this many halophyte plants are unpalatable but do produce large biomass all through the year. In arid areas, there is a need for utilization of such plants, particularly during the dry seasons or during long-lasting droughts when other sources of fodder are lacking. Some secondary metabolites or so-called anti-nutritional factors like tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and nitrites hinder the use of some halophytes as these affect negatively (El Shaer 2006). Utilization of such halophytes has been evaluated following different approaches through different processing treatments to improve their palatability and nutritive values (El Shaer and Kandil 1990; El Shaer et al. 1991; El Shaer 2006). One of these approaches is chopping which dramatically improves the palatability of succulent taxa and allows efficient utilization of whole shrubs. Similarly, haymaking, haylage, or ensiling processes of some halophytes also improve their fodder consumption value (El Shaer 2006).
Animal protein is one of the major requirements for human beings. This makes it very important to evaluate all kinds of available pastures, including those which mainly are present in climatically unfavorable regions. Animals generally have to consume the only available fodder source, the halophytes, in such areas (Attia-Ismail et al. 2009; Attia-Ismail 2016). In both the arid and semiarid regions, a deficiency of fodder sources is one of the basic problems to improve the productivity of animals (Attia-Ismail 2016). The desert grazing sheep, camels, and goats require fodder plants with improved nutritional values particularly during the long-lasting dry seasons; this will increase the average annual animal production by more than 25% (Attia-Ismail 2016). Attempts are made to use the marginal sources, for example, saline soils and underground water for producing unconventional fodder ingredients (Attia-Ismail 2016).
The report published by Batanouny (1993) has revealed that the halophytes cover huge areas of rangelands in Algeria, Egypt, Gulf countries, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen. The rangelands in these countries are used throughout the year by sheep, goat, and camels, and the species generally consumed are Atriplex halimus, A. mollis, A. portulacoides, A. glauca, A. nummularia, Suaeda fruticosa, S. brevifolia, S. mollis, Salicornia arabica, Limoniastrum monopetalum, Limoniastrum guyonianum, Traganum nudatum, Salsola vermiculata var. villosa, Salsola sieberi, S. tetrandra, Arthrocnemum indicum, Salicornia fruticosa, Inula crithmoides, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Tamarix spp., and Nitraria retusa. Fairly good palatability has been recorded for some nonshrubby perennial halophytes such as Nitraria retusa, Suaeda fruticosa, Spergularia media, S. marginata, Hedysarum carnosurn, Puccinellia spp., and Spartina patens. Some like Aster tripolium, Heliotropium curassavicum, Suaeda maritima, Juncus spp., Schoenus nigricans, Cyperus spp., Scirpus spp., Phragmites spp., Typha spp., Arundo plinii, A. donax, Saccharum ravennae, and Ruppia spp. are almost unpalatable. Out of these, a majority are hygrohalophytes (Batanouny 1993). Very low palatability has been reported in the majority of annual halophytes as they produce little phytomass, e.g., Hordeum maritimum, Polypogon, Sphenopus, Lepturus, Pholiurus, Psilurus, Eremopyrum, Frankenia, Aizoon, Mesembryanthemum, Cressa, Zygophyllum, Tetradiclis, Halopeplis, Halogeton, Schanginia, Suaeda, Salsola, and Salicornia (El Shaer and Attia-Ismail 2016). However, any evaluation of halophytes depends on their performance both in the biological as well as its economic input (El Shaer and Attia-Ismail 2016). For an indigenous animal production, shortage of fodder is the main constraint, which therefore needs to be increased. In both arid and semiarid regions, it is a common characteristic accepted as the main constraint to improve livestock productivity (El Shaer and Attia-Ismail 2016). Main income for the people raising animal herds is based on the natural vegetation for rearing sheep, goats, and other herbivores. Although unpalatable halophytes are widely distributed in the world, the halophytic plants like Atriplex spp., Nitraria retusa, and Salsola spp. are considered extremely valuable as a source of fodder during drought periods (El Shaer and Attia-Ismail 2016). Most of the countries in the arid and semiarid regions import large quantities of fodder to fill the nutritional gap of animals. This puts a heavy burden on the farmers as well as the governments. It decreases the net profits from animal investments because of the high costs of imported fodder. Therefore, intensive efforts should be directed to find alternative resources from halophytes as fodder (El Shaer and Attia-Ismail 2016).
The foliage of species like Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculata, Ceriops tagal, and Rhizophora mucronata are evaluated as camel and cattle feed. Similarly the species of Acacia, Prosopis, Salvadora, and Zizyphus trees are well known as a traditional fodder of arid regions. Several species of Alhagi, Salicornia, Chenopodium, Atriplex, Salsola, Suaeda, and Kochia are well-known common fodder shrubs. The species like Leptochloa fusca, Aeluropus lagopoides, Dactyloctenium sindicum, Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum vaginatum, Sporobolus marginatus, Chloris gayana, C. virgata, Echinochloa turnerana, E. colona, and Puccinellia distans are common grass species flourishing on saline and alkaline areas and used as forages (Khan 2003; Khan and Qaiser 2006).
A total of 331 fodder halophyte taxa are distributed in the region (Appendix II). The constraints of using halophytes and other salt-tolerant plants as potential feed resource for animals have been studied at length by El Shaer (2010). The benefits outlined by him are the yield of halophytes and salt-tolerant forages as edible biomass in saline lands where non-halophytic species cannot grow varies from low to high; several halophytes are a potential source of nitrogen and major minerals for sheep and goats fed on low-quality diets; therefore energy supplementation with diets containing halophytes proves effective to overcome nutrient deficiencies in animals; the lignins, oxalates, and nitrates can prove limiting as anti-nutritive factors in the animal diets in particular while utilizing some halophytes and salt-tolerant forages in livestock feeding mainly as sole diets, appropriate mixing of different halophytic taxa, based on their complementary roles, can dilute the negative effects of the anti-nutritive factors cited here and therefore improve animal performance; and finally a wide range of halophytes and salt-tolerant grasses can prove as promising fodder resources for small ruminants raised around the saline areas or in arid and semiarid regions.
11.6 Conclusions
Halophytes are a small but diverse group of plants distributed as natural flora of saline habitats. These remarkable plants have a potential to revolutionize the future by fulfilling the human needs especially those related to food, fodder, fuel, and medicines (Hameed and Khan 2011). The cultivation and conservation of such natural resources can prove helpful in the sustainable maintenance and utilization of halophytic plant wealth. These can be evaluated to develop many small industries with small grants from the government, thereby uplifting the socioeconomic status of the poor. Both government and private sectors should invest in this venture to make halophytes as a resource for future (Hameed and Khan 2011). Sustainable use of our marginal lands and water resources for food-feed crops and forage legumes can prove fruitful for improving our global food security, reduce poverty, resilience against climate change, and enhance ecosystem health in crop-livestock systems (Qureshi 2017). Moreover, a good choice for salinity control and remediation is adoption of halophytes together with salt-tolerant plant taxa, which can have significant effect on the economic development of dry saline regions lying a waste. In addition to this, agroforestry can solve drainage problems. It will also create good environmental conditions for the desert and semidesert areas (Qureshi 2017).
The feasibility of cultivating salt-tolerant plants successfully in saline ecosystems offers unexpected opportunities for everyone including the farmers to identify the most appropriate cash crop halophyte. Their combinations can prove highly beneficial in optimizing the input/output ratios (Debez et al. 2011). In many cases the salt-affected soils and groundwaters cross national boundaries. There is a need for cooperation and coordination at regional and interboundry level. It is very important to elaborate and apply effective salinity strategies. For this purpose there is need to involve politicians, institutions, farmers, water user associations, and all beneficiaries in such applications, so that everybody is familiar with his role (Yensen 2006). In short, we must strive hard to change the general opinion of the farming communities and policy makers related to the questionability of evaluating the salt-affected soils (Debez et al. 2011).
References
Abbas JA (2006) Chapter 9: Economic halophytes of Bahrain. In: Khan MA et al (eds) Sabkha ecosystems. Volume II: West and Central Asia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 113–120
Akhani H (2006) Chapter 6: Biodiversity of halophytic and Sabkha ecosystems in Iran. In: Khan MA et al (eds) Sabkha ecosystems. Volume II: West and Central Asia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 71–88
Al-Oudat M, Qadir M (2011) The halophytic flora of Syria. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo
Arieli A, Naim E, Benjamin RW, Pasternak D (1989) The effect of feeding saltbush and sodium chloride on energy metabolism in sheep. Anim Prod 49:451–457
Aronson J (1989) HALOPH; salt tolerant plants for the world – a computerized global data base of halophytes with emphasis on their economic uses. University of Arizona Press, Tucson
Atiq-ur-Rehman (2002) Utilization of Atriplex as a forage under grazing and cut and carry systems, for small ruminants. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on optimum resources utilization in salt-affected ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions, 8–11 April 2002, Cairo
Attia-Ismail SA (2016) Nutritional and feed value of halophytes and salt tolerant plants. In: Halophytic and salt tolerant feedstuffs: impacts on nutrition, physiology and reproduction of livestock. CRC Press, Boca Raton, p 126
Attia-Ismail SA, Elsayed HM, Asker AR, Zaki EA (2009) Effect of different buffers on rumen kinetics of sheep fed halophyte plants. J Environ Sci 19(1):89–106
Batanouny KH (1993) Ecophysiology of halophytes and their traditional use in the Arab world. In: Advanced course on halophyte utilization in Agriculture, 12–26 Sept., 1993, Agadir, p 37
Batanouny KH (1994) Chapter 11: Halophytes and halophytic plant communities in the Arab region: their potential as a rangeland resource. In: Squires VR, Ayoub AT (eds) Halophytes as a resource for livestock and for rehabilitation of degraded lands. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, pp 139–163
Breckle SW (2016) Chapter 4: Halophytes and saline vegetation of Afghanistan, a potential rich source for people. In: Khan MA et al (eds) Halophytes for food security in dry lands. Academic, Amsterdam, pp 49–66
Cassaniti C, Romano D (2011) The use of halophytes for Mediterranean landscaping. Eur J Plant Sci Biotechnol 5:57–63
Debez A, Huchzermeyer B, Abdelly C, Koyro HW (2011) Current challenges and future opportunities for a sustainable utilization of halophytes. In: Öztürk M et al (eds) Sabkha ecosystems, Tasks for vegetation science 46. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 59–77
El Shaer HM (1981) A comparative nutrition study on sheep and goats grazing Southern Sinai desert range with supplements. Ph. D. thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt
El Shaer HM (1997a) Practical approaches for improving utilization of feed resources under extensive production system in Sinai. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on systems of sheep and goat production, 25–27 October 1997, Bella, Italy
El Shaer HM (1997b) Sustainable utilization of halophytic plant species as livestock fodder in Egypt. In: Proceedings of the international conference on water management, salinity and pollution control towards sustainable irrigation in the Mediterranean region. September 22–26, 1997, Bari, Italy, pp 171–184
El Shaer HM (1999) Potentiality of animal production in the Egyptian desert region. In: Proceedings of the conference on animal production in the 21st century challenges and prospects. 18–20 April 2000, Sakha, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt, pp 93–105
El Shaer HM (2006) Halophytes as cash crops for animal feeds in arid and semi-arid regions. In: Öztürk M et al (eds) Biosaline agriculture and salinity tolerance in plants. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 117–128
El Shaer HM (2010) Halophytes and salt-tolerant plants as potential forage for ruminants in the Near East region. Small Rumin Res 91(1):3–12
El Shaer HM, Attia-Ismail SA (2016) Chapter 2: Halophytic and salt tolerant feedstuffs in the Mediterranean Basin and Arab region: an overview. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, Florence, pp 21–36
El Shaer HM, Kandil HM (1990) Comparative study on the nutritional value of wild and cultivated Atriplex halimus by sheep and goat in Sinai. Com Sci Dev Res 29:81–90
El Shaer HM, Kandil HM, Khamis HS (1991) Salt marsh plants ensiled with dried broiler litter as feedstuff for sheep and goats. Agric Sci Mansoura Univ 16:1524
El Shaer HM, Ali FT, Nadia YS, Morcos S, Emam SS, Essawy AM (2005) Seasonal changes of some halophytic shrubs and the effect of processing treatments on their utilization by sheep under desert conditions of Egypt. Egypt J Nutr Feeds 8:417–431
Flowers TJ, Colmer TD (2008) Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol 179(4):945–963
Flowers TJ, Hajibagheri MA, Clipson NJW (1986) Halophytes Q Rev Biol 61:313–337
Galvani A (2007) The challenge of the food sufficiency through salt tolerant crops. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 6:3–16
Ghazanfar SA, McDaniel T (2016) Floras of the middle east: a quantitative analysis and biogeography of the flora of Iraq. Edinb J Bot 73(1):1–24
Ghazanfar SA, Altundag E, Yaprak AE, Osborne J, Tug GN, Vural M (2014) Halophytes of Southwest Asia. In: Khan MA et al (eds) Sabkha ecosystems: volume IV: cash crop halophyte and biodiversity conservation, Tasks for vegetation science 47. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 105–133
Gihad EA, El Shaer HM (1994) Nutritive value of halophytes. In: Squires VR, Ayoub AT (eds) Halophytes as a resource for livestock and for rehabilitation of degraded lands. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 281–284
Glenn EP, Brown JJ, Blumwald E (1999) Salt tolerance and crop potential of halophytes. Crit Rev Plant Sci 18:227–255
Güvensen A, Gork G, Öztürk M (2006) An overview of the halophytes in Turkey. In: Khan MA, Böer B, Kust BS, Barth HJ (eds) Sabkha ecosystems: West and Central Asia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 9–30
Hameed A, Khan MA (2011) Halophytes: biology and economic potentials. Karachi Univ J Sci 39(1):40–44
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2013a) Plant response to salt stress and role of exogenous protectants to mitigate saltinduced damages. In: Ahmad P et al (eds) Ecophysiology and responses of plants under salt stress. Springer, New York, pp 25–87
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M et al (2013b) Enhancing plant productivity under salt stress-relevance of poly-omics. In: Ahmad P et al (eds) Salt stress in plants: omics, signaling and responses. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–156
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam M, Bhowmik PC, Hossain M, Rahman MM, Prasad MNV, Öztürk M, Fujita M (2014) Potential use of halophytes to remediate saline soils. BioMed Res Int 2014:1–14
Hinman CW (1984) New crops for arid lands. Science 225:1445–1448
ICBA (2006) Biosalinity news. Newsletter of the International Center of Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) 9 (July (2))
Kandil HM, El Shaer HM (1988) The utilization of Atriplex nummularia by goats and sheep in Sinai. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on the constraints and possibilities of ruminant production in dry subtropics, 5–7 November 1988. Cairo, Egypt
Khan MA (2003) An ecological overview of halophytes from Pakistan. In: Lieth H (ed) Cash crop halophytes: recent studies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 167–187
Khan MA, Ansari R (2008) Potential use of halophytes with emphasis on fodder production in coastal areas of Pakistan. In: Abdelly et al (eds) Biosaline agriculture and high salinity tolerance. Birkhäuser Verlag, Switzerland, pp 157–162
Khan MA, Qaiser M (2006) Chapter 11: Halophytes of Pakistan: characteristics, distribution and potential economic usages. In: Khan MA et al (eds) Sabkha ecosystems, vol II. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 129–153
Ksouri R, Megdiche W, Debez A, Falleh H, Grignon C, Abdelly C (2007) Salinity effects on polyphenol content and antioxidant activities in leaves of the halophyte Cakile maritima. Plant Physiol Biochem 45:244–249
Le Houérou HN (1993) Salt tolerant plants for the arid regions of the Mediterranean isoclimatic zone. In: Leith H, El-Masoom A (eds) Towards the rational use of high salinity-tolerant plants. Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, pp 405–411
Lokhande VH, Suprasanna P (2012) Prospects of halophytes in understanding and managing abiotic stress tolerance. In: Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds) Environmental adaptations and stress tolerance of plants in the era of climate change. Springer, New York, pp 29–56
Mahajan S, Tuteja N (2005) Cold, salinity and drought stresses: an overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 444(2):139–158
Malcolm CV (1993) The potential of halophytes for rehabilitation of degraded land. In: Davidson N, Galloway R (eds), Productive use of saline land, ACIAR proceedings 42, pp 8–11
Messedi D, Laabidi N, Grignon C, Abdelly C (2004) Limits imposed by salt to the growth of the halophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 167:1–6
Moghaddam PR, Koocheki A (2003) A comprehensive survey of halophytes in Khorasan province of Iran. In: Lieth H (ed) Cash crop halophytes: recent studies. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, pp 189–195
Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:651–681
Öztürk M, Guvensen A, Gucel S (2008a) Chapter 21: Ecology and economic potential of halophytes: a case study from Turkey. In: Kafi M, Khan MA (eds) Crop and forage production using saline waters. NAM S & T Centre, Daya Publishing House, Delhi, pp 255–264
Öztürk M, Güvensen A, Gork G (2008b) Halophyte plant diversity in the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region of Turkey. In: Abdely C, Öztürk M, Ashraf M, Grignon C (eds) Biosaline agriculture and salinity tolerance. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel/London, pp 141–155
Öztürk M, Altay V, Gucel S, Guvensen A (2014) Halophytes in the East Mediterranean – their medicinal and other economical values. In: Khan MA et al (eds) Sabkha ecosystems: volume IV: cash crop halophyte and biodiversity conservation, Tasks for vegetation science 47. Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, pp 247–272
Öztürk M, Altay V, Altundağ E, Gücel S (2016) Chapter 18: Halophytic plant diversity of unique habitats in Turkey: salt mine caves of Çankırı and Iğdır. In: Khan MA et al (eds) Halophytes for food security in dry lands. Academic, Cambridge, MA, pp 291–315
Öztürk M, Altay V, Gucel S, Altundağ E (2017) Chapter 5: Plant diversity of the Drylands in Southeast Anatolia-Turkey: role in human health and food security. In: Ansari AA, Gill SS (eds) Plant biodiversity: monitoring, assessment and conservation. CABI, Wallingford, pp 83–124
Petropoulos S, Karkanis A, Fernandes Â, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR, Ntatsi G, Petrotos K, Lykas C, Khah E (2015) Chemical composition and yield of six genotypes of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.): an alternative source of omega-3 fatty acids. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 70(4):420–426
Petropoulos S, Karkanis A, Martins N, Ferreira ICFR (2016) Phytochemical composition and bioactive compounds of common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as affected by crop management practices. Trends Food Sci Technol 55:1–10
Petropoulos SA, Karkanis A, Martins N, Ferreira ICFR (2018) Edible halophytes of the Mediterranean basin: potential candidates for novel food products. Trends Food Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.006
Phondani PC, Bhatt A, Elsarrag E, Horr YA (2016) Ethnobotanical magnitude towards sustainable utilization of wild foliage in Arabian Desert. J Tradit Complement Med 6(3):209–218
Pitman MG, Lӓuchli A (2002) Global impact of salinity and agricultural ecosystem. In: Lӓuchli A, Lüttge U (eds) Salinity: Environment-Plants-Molecules. Kluwer Academic, Dodrecht, pp 3–20
Qasem JR (2015) Prospects of wild medicinal and industrial plants of saline habitats in the Jordan valley. Pak J Bot 47(2):551–570
Qureshi AS (2017) Sustainable use of marginal lands to improve food security ın The United Arab Emirates. J Exp Biol Agric Sci 5:S41–S49
Salerian JS, Malcolm CV, Pol JE (1987) The economics of salt land agronomy. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Division of Resources, Management Technical Report 56
Slama I, Messedi D, Ghnaya T, Savoure A, Abdelly C (2006) Effects of water deficit on growth and proline metabolism in Sesuvium portulacastrum. Env Exp Bot 56:231–238
Squires VR, Ayoub AT (1994) Halophytes as a resource for livestock and for rehabilitation of degraded lands. Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 315 p
Stuart JR, Tester M, Gaxiola RA, Flowers TJ (2012) Plants of saline environments. Access Science http://www.accessscience.com
Trichopoulou A, Vasilopoulou E, Hollman P, Chamalides C, Foufa E, Kaloudis T, Kromhout D, Miskaki P, Petrochilou I, Poulima E, Stafilakis K, Theophilou D (2000) Nutritional composition and flavonoid content of edible wild greens and green pies: a potential rich source of antioxidant nutrients in the Mediterranean diet. Food Chem 70(3):319–323
Weber DJ, Gul B, Khan MA, Williams T, Wayman P, Warner S (2001) Composition of vegetable oil from seeds of native halophytic shrubs. In: McArthur E et al (eds) Proceedings: shrubland ecosystem genetics and biodiversity, Proceedings RMRS-P-000. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden
Weber DJ, Ansari R, Gul B, Khan MA (2007) Potential of halophytes as source of edible oil. J Arid Environ 68(2):315–321
Yensen NP (2006) Halophyte uses for the twenty-first century. In: Khan MA, Weber DJ (eds) Ecophysiology of high salinity tolerant plants, Series: tasks for vegetation science, vol 40. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp 367–396
Yensen NP (2008) Chapter 23: Halophyte uses for the twenty-first century. In: Khan MA, Weber DJ (eds) Ecophysiology of high salinity tolerant plants. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 367–396
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendices
Appendices
11.1.1 Appendix I: Halophytes from Southwest Asia with Potential Human Food Value
Sl. no. | Taxa |
---|---|
1 | Aizoon canariense |
2 | Alhagi graecorum |
3 | Allium trifoliatum |
4 | Amaranthus retroflexus |
5 | Amaranthus viridis |
6 | Apium graveolens |
7 | Arthrocnemum macrostachyum |
8 | Arundo donax |
9 | Asparagus persicus |
10 | Aster tripolium |
11 | Atriplex canescens |
12 | Atriplex dimorphostegia |
13 | Atriplex griffithii |
14 | Atriplex halimus |
15 | Atriplex hortensis |
16 | Atriplex leucoclada |
17 | Atriplex littoralis |
18 | Atriplex portulacoides |
19 | Atriplex rosea |
20 | Atriplex sagittata |
21 | Avicennia marina |
22 | Bassia scoparia |
23 | Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima |
24 | Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp. maritimus |
25 | Bruguiera gymnorrhiza |
26 | Cakile maritima |
27 | Capparis spinosa |
28 | Ceriops tagal |
29 | Chenopodium album |
30 | Chenopodium foliosum |
31 | Chenopodium murale |
32 | Chenopodium rubrum |
33 | Cichorium intybus |
34 | Cichorium pumilum |
35 | Cichorium spinosum |
36 | Cocos nucifera |
37 | Crepis sancta |
38 | Cressa cretica |
39 | Crithmum maritimum |
40 | Cynara cardunculus |
41 | Cynodon dactylon |
42 | Cynomorium coccineum |
43 | Cyperus longus |
44 | Cyperus rotundus |
45 | Dysphania ambrosioides |
46 | Echinochloa crus-galli |
47 | Elymus farctus |
48 | Eryngium campestre var. virens |
49 | Eryngium creticum |
50 | Eryngium glomeratum |
51 | Eryngium maritimum |
52 | Glinus lotoides |
53 | Glossonema varians |
54 | Glycyrrhiza glabra |
55 | Halogeton glomeratus |
56 | Halopyrum mucronatum |
57 | Halosarcia indica |
58 | Haloxylon griffithii ssp. griffithii |
59 | Haloxylon griffithii ssp. wakhanicum |
60 | Haloxylon stocksii |
61 | Hibiscus tiliaceus |
62 | Imperata cylindrica |
63 | Inula crithmoides |
64 | Krascheninnikovia ceratoides |
65 | Lepidium latifolium |
66 | Lycium shawii |
67 | Mesembryanthemum crystallinum |
68 | Mesembryanthemum forskahlii |
69 | Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum |
70 | Neurada procumbens |
71 | Nitraria retusa |
72 | Nitraria schoberi |
73 | Oligomeris linifolia |
74 | Oxystelma esculentum |
75 | Pancratium maritimum |
76 | Pedalium murex |
77 | Pentatropis nivalis |
78 | Phoenix dactylifera |
79 | Phoenix sylvestris |
80 | Phragmites australis |
81 | Plantago coronopus |
82 | Plantago lanceola |
83 | Plantago major ssp. intermedia |
84 | Polygonum aviculare |
85 | Polypogon monspeliensis |
86 | Portulaca oleracea |
87 | Prosopis farcta |
88 | Rhizophora mucronata |
89 | Rumex vesicarius |
90 | Salicornia bigelovii |
91 | Salicornia perennis |
92 | Salicornia ramosissima |
93 | Salsola soda |
94 | Salvadora oleoides |
95 | Salvadora persica |
96 | Sarcocornia fruticosa |
97 | Sarcocornia perennis |
98 | Sesuvium portulacastrum |
99 | Sinapis arvensis |
100 | Solanum incanum |
101 | Suaeda aegyptiaca |
102 | Suaeda fruticosa |
103 | Suaeda maritima |
104 | Terminalia catappa |
105 | Tetraena alba |
106 | Tetraena simplex |
107 | Thespesia populneoides |
108 | Trianthema portulacastrum |
109 | Tribulus terrestris |
110 | Trifolium campestre |
111 | Trifolium repens |
112 | Triglochin maritima |
113 | Typha latifolia |
114 | Vicia sativa |
115 | Zizyphus nummularia |
11.1.2 Appendix II: Halophytes with Potential Fodder Value in Southwest Asia
Sl. no. | Taxa |
---|---|
1 | Acacia saligna |
2 | Acacia tortilis |
3 | Acantholippia seriphioides |
4 | Aegiceras corniculatum |
5 | Aellenia auricula |
6 | Aeluropus lagopoides |
7 | Aeluropus littoralis |
8 | Aeluropus macrostachyus |
9 | Aerva javanica |
10 | Agathophora alopecuroides |
11 | Agrostis stolonifera |
12 | Aizoon canariense |
13 | Alhagi graecorum |
14 | Alhagi pseudalhagi |
15 | Alopecurus myosuroides var. myosuroides |
16 | Ammi visnaga |
17 | Anabasis articulata |
18 | Anabasis elatior |
19 | Anabasis salsa |
20 | Anabasis setifera |
21 | Anagallis arvensis |
22 | Aristida adscensionis |
23 | Aristida mutabilis |
24 | Artemisia campestris |
25 | Artemisia scoparia |
26 | Arthrocnemum halocnemoides |
27 | Arthrocnemum macrostachyum |
28 | Asparagus persicus |
29 | Aster tripolium |
30 | Astragalus hamosus |
31 | Astragalus kahiricus |
32 | Astrebla lappacea |
33 | Atriplex cana |
34 | Atriplex canescens |
35 | Atriplex confertifolia |
36 | Atriplex dimorphostegia |
37 | Atriplex griffithii |
38 | Atriplex halimus |
39 | Atriplex hortensis |
40 | Atriplex lasiantha |
41 | Atriplex leucoclada |
42 | Atriplex lindleyi ssp. inflata |
43 | Atriplex moneta |
44 | Atriplex muricata |
45 | Atriplex patula |
46 | Atriplex polycarpa |
47 | Atriplex portulacoides |
48 | Atriplex prostrata ssp. calotheca |
49 | Atriplex sagittata |
50 | Atriplex spongiosa |
51 | Atriplex stocksii |
52 | Atriplex tatarica |
53 | Atriplex verrucifera |
54 | Avicennia marina |
55 | Bassia eriophora |
56 | Bassia hyssopifolia |
57 | Bassia indica |
58 | Bassia prostrata |
59 | Bassia scoparia |
60 | Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima |
61 | Bienertia cycloptera |
62 | Blepharis ciliaris |
63 | Blysmus rufus |
64 | Bolboschoenus glaucus |
65 | Bolboschoenus maritimus |
66 | Bromus arvensis |
67 | Bromus japonicus |
68 | Bromus tectorum ssp. tectorum |
69 | Buchloe dactyloides |
70 | Caesalpinia bonduc |
71 | Calligonum comosum |
72 | Calligonum leucocladum |
73 | Calligonum polygonoides |
74 | Camphorosma monspeliaca |
75 | Capparis spinosa |
76 | Carex divisa |
77 | Carex extensa |
78 | Caroxylon nitrarium |
79 | Caroxylon scleranthum |
80 | Cenchrus biflorus |
81 | Cenchrus ciliaris |
82 | Cenchrus pennisetiformis |
83 | Centaurea postii |
84 | Centaurium spicatum |
85 | Cerastium dubium |
86 | Ceriops tagal |
87 | Chenopodium chenopodioides |
88 | Chenopodium species |
89 | Chloris gayana |
90 | Chloris virgata |
91 | Cichorium intybus |
92 | Cleome brachycarpa |
93 | Convolvulus glomeratus |
94 | Cornulaca aucheri |
95 | Cornulaca monacantha |
96 | Crambe cordifolia ssp. kotschyana |
97 | Crepis sancta |
98 | Cressa cretica |
99 | Cynodon dactylon |
100 | Cyperus conglomeratus |
101 | Cyperus fuscus |
102 | Cyperus laevigatus |
103 | Cyperus rotundus |
104 | Dactyloctenium aegyptium |
105 | Dactyloctenium aristatum |
106 | Dactyloctenium scindicum |
107 | Dalbergia sissoo |
108 | Desmostachya bipinnata |
109 | Diarthron lessertii |
110 | Dichanthium annulatum |
111 | Digitaria ciliaris |
112 | Echinochloa colona |
113 | Echinochloa crus-galli |
114 | Echinochloa turneriana |
115 | Eleusine indica |
116 | Eleusine tristachya |
117 | Elymus elongatus |
118 | Elytrigia x littorea |
119 | Enteropogon macrostachyus |
120 | Eragrostis curvula |
121 | Eragrostis japonica |
122 | Eragrostis superba |
123 | Eryngium campestre var. virens |
124 | Fagonia arabica |
125 | Fagonia bruguieri |
126 | Fagonia mollis |
127 | Festuca rubra |
128 | Frankenia pulverulenta |
129 | Girgensohnia oppositifolia |
130 | Glinus lotoides |
131 | Glycyrrhiza glabra |
132 | Halimocnemis mollissima |
133 | Halimocnemis pilosa |
134 | Halimodendron halodendron |
135 | Halocharis hispida |
136 | Halocharis sulphurea |
137 | Halocharis violacea |
138 | Halocnemum strobilaceum |
139 | Halopeplis perfoliata |
140 | Halopeplis pygmaea |
141 | Halopyrum mucronatum |
142 | Halosarcia indica |
143 | Halostachys belangeriana |
144 | Halostachys caspica |
145 | Halothamnus glaucus |
146 | Halothamnus subaphyllus |
147 | Haloxylon ammodendron |
148 | Haloxylon recurvum |
149 | Haloxylon salicornicum |
150 | Haloxylon stocksii |
151 | Helianthemum lippii |
152 | Heliotropium bacciferum |
153 | Holcus lanatus |
154 | Hordeum marinum |
155 | Hyparrhenia hirta |
156 | Imperata cylindrica |
157 | Indigofera argentea |
158 | Inula crithmoides |
159 | Iris spuria |
160 | Juncus acutus |
161 | Juncus subulatus |
162 | Kali tragus |
163 | Kalidium caspicum |
164 | Kaviria tomentosa |
165 | Kochia iranica |
166 | Kochia odontoptera |
167 | Krascheninnikovia ceratoides |
168 | Lasiurus scindicus |
169 | Lepidium perfoliatum |
170 | Leptadenia pyrotechnica |
171 | Leptochloa fusca |
172 | Limonium stocksii |
173 | Lobularia maritima |
174 | Lolium multiflorum |
175 | Lotus corniculatus var. tenuifolius |
176 | Lotus preslii |
177 | Lycium shawii |
178 | Maireana brevifolia |
179 | Maireana georgei |
180 | Malcolmia grandiflora |
181 | Medicago lupulina |
182 | Medicago minima var. minima |
183 | Melilotus indicus |
184 | Melilotus officinalis |
185 | Mesembryanthemum spp. |
186 | Neokochia americana |
187 | Neurada procumbens |
188 | Nitraria retusa |
189 | Nitraria schoberi |
190 | Oligomeris linifolia |
191 | Panicum antidotale |
192 | Panicum turgidum |
193 | Paspalum distichum |
194 | Paspalum vaginatum |
195 | Peganum harmala |
196 | Pergularia tomentosa |
197 | Phalaris arundinacea |
198 | Phalaris minor |
199 | Phleum exaratum ssp. exaratum |
200 | Phragmites australis |
201 | Phragmites karka |
202 | Plantago major ssp. intermedia |
203 | Poa bulbosa |
204 | Poa pratensis |
205 | Polygonum aviculare |
206 | Polypogon maritimus |
207 | Polypogon monspeliensis |
208 | Populus euphratica |
209 | Porteresia coarctata |
210 | Portulaca oleracea |
211 | Potentilla anserina |
212 | Prosopis cineraria |
213 | Prosopis farcta |
214 | Prosopis juliflora |
215 | Puccinellia distans |
216 | Puccinellia koeieana |
217 | Raphanus raphanistrum |
218 | Reaumuria alternifolia |
219 | Reaumuria fruticosa |
220 | Reaumuria halophila |
221 | Reaumuria palaestina |
222 | Reaumuria stocksii |
223 | Rhizophora mucronata |
224 | Ruppia maritima |
225 | Saccharum bengalense |
226 | Salicornia bigelovii |
227 | Salicornia perennis |
228 | Salicornia persica |
229 | Salicornia rubra |
230 | Salsola abarghuensis |
231 | Salsola arbuscula |
232 | Salsola baryosma |
233 | Salsola chorassanica |
234 | Salsola crassa |
235 | Salsola dendroides |
236 | Salsola drummondii |
237 | Salsola gossypina |
238 | Salsola imbricata |
239 | Salsola incanescens |
240 | Salsola jordanicola |
241 | Salsola kali |
242 | Salsola kerneri |
243 | Salsola lanata |
244 | Salsola leptoclada |
245 | Salsola nitraria |
246 | Salsola orientalis |
247 | Salsola sclerantha |
248 | Salsola soda |
249 | Salsola tetrandra |
250 | Salsola tomentosa |
251 | Salsola vermiculata |
252 | Salsola volkensii |
253 | Salvadora persica |
254 | Sarcocornia fruticosa |
255 | Sarcocornia perennis |
256 | Schoenoplectus litoralis |
257 | Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani |
258 | Scirpoides holoschoenus |
259 | Seidlitzia florida |
260 | Seidlitzia rosmarinus |
261 | Senna italica |
262 | Seriphidium quettense |
263 | Sesuvium portulacastrum |
264 | Sonchus maritimus |
265 | Spergularia media |
266 | Sporobolus coromandelianus |
267 | Sporobolus helvolus |
268 | Sporobolus ioclados |
269 | Sporobolus tourneuxii |
270 | Sporobolus virginicus |
271 | Stipagrostis pennata |
272 | Stipagrostis plumosa |
273 | Suaeda acuminata |
274 | Suaeda aegyptiaca |
275 | Suaeda altissima |
276 | Suaeda arcuata |
277 | Suaeda asphaltica |
278 | Suaeda confusa |
279 | Suaeda fruticosa |
280 | Suaeda heterocarpa |
281 | Suaeda maritima |
282 | Suaeda microphylla |
283 | Suaeda microsperma |
284 | Suaeda monoica |
285 | Suaeda palaestina |
286 | Suaeda splendens |
287 | Suaeda vera |
288 | Suaeda vermiculata |
289 | Tamarix androssowii |
290 | Tamarix aphylla |
291 | Tamarix aralensis |
292 | Tamarix aravensis |
293 | Tamarix arceuthoides |
294 | Tamarix gallica |
295 | Tamarix hispida |
296 | Tamarix karakalensis |
297 | Tamarix kotschyi |
298 | Tamarix laxa |
299 | Tamarix leptostachya |
300 | Tamarix mannifera |
301 | Tamarix mascatensis |
302 | Tamarix octandra |
303 | Tamarix passerinoides |
304 | Tamarix ramosissima |
305 | Tamarix rosea |
306 | Tamarix szovitsiana |
307 | Taraxacum bessarabicum |
308 | Tecomella undulata |
309 | Tetraena alba |
310 | Tetraena coccineum |
311 | Tetraena simplex |
312 | Thymelaea hirsuta |
313 | Traganum nudatum |
314 | Trianthema portulacastrum |
315 | Trianthema triquetra |
316 | Tribulus terrestris |
317 | Trifolium fragiferum |
318 | Trifolium repens |
319 | Trifolium tomentosum |
320 | Triglochin palustris |
321 | Urochondra setulosa |
322 | Vicia sativa |
323 | Xylosalsola richteri |
324 | Zaleya pentandra |
325 | Zizyphus nummularia |
326 | Zoysia macrantha |
327 | Zygophyllum eichwaldii |
328 | Zygophyllum eurypterum |
329 | Zygophyllum fabago |
330 | Zygophyllum oxianum |
331 | Zygophyllum propinquum |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Öztürk, M., Altay, V., Güvensen, A. (2019). Sustainable Use of Halophytic Taxa as Food and Fodder: An Important Genetic Resource in Southwest Asia. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Öztürk , M. (eds) Ecophysiology, Abiotic Stress Responses and Utilization of Halophytes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3762-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3762-8_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3761-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3762-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)