Abstract
This essay discusses the role of voice in witnessing pain amid state-military sponsored genocide situated within the overarching framework of Cold War authoritarian capitalism, offering a culture-centered framework for memorializing the torture carried out by dominant socio-political structures, thus resisting the narrative erasure reproduced by the propaganda machine of Cold War imperialism at national and global levels. Through a close examination of narratives co-created by the children of the survivors of the 1965–66 mass killings of in Indonesia, the essay offers the culture-centered approach as a framework for participants to voice their experiences of trauma, death, and loss, finding expression for experiences that are otherwise un-shareable, and often stigmatized in mainstream public discourses. Situating the stories of torture and violence amid national-global political economy, the voices of the survivors and their children interrupt the state narrative, and the narrative constructed by the hegemony of liberal capitalism. Drawing from stories and experiences shared by the children of the survivors, and related cultural artifacts, such as photographs, personal diary, and published texts; we suggest the role of communication scholarship in the co-creation of disruptive spaces for alternative narratives of healing emerging from our participants’ memories of tortured bodies. Accounts of the past shared between researchers and the children of the survivors co-creates entry points for both individual and collective public narratives of resistance that disrupt the erasures produced by national-global power structures and their public relations tools.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Airhihenbuwa, C. (1995). Health and culture: Beyond the Western paradigm. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, B. (1987). How did the Generals Die? Indonesia, 43, 109–134.
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
Atmowiloto, A. (1982). Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI [The treachery of G30S/PKI]. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Atmowiloto, A. (1994). Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI (The treachery of G30S/PKI). Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
Banjeglav, T. (2012). Conflicting memories, competing narratives and contested histories in Croatia’s post-war commemorative practices. Croatian Political Science Review (Politicka Misao), 05, 7–31.
Chiwengo, N. (2008). When wounds and corpses fail to speak: Narratives of violence and rape in congo (DRC). Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 28(1), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2007-057.
Clare, E. (2001). Stolen bodies, reclaimed bodies: Disability and queerness. Public Culture, 13(3), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-13-3-359.
Clark, J. N. (2013). Reconciliation through remembrance? War memorials and the victims of Vukovar. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 7(1), 116–135. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijs031.
Connerton, P. (1989). How societies remember. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cox, R.S., & Perry, K.M.E. (2011). Like a fish out or water: Reconsidering disaster recovery and the role of place and social capital in community disaster resilience. American Journal of Community Psychology, 48(3): 395–411. [PubMed: 21287261].
Cribb, R. 1991. The Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966: Studies from Java and Bali. Clayton, VIC.: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
Crouch, H. (1978). The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Csordas, T. (1994). Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Das, V. (1990). Our work to cry, your work to listen. In Mirrors of violence: Communities, Riots, and Survivors in South Asia, ed. Veena Das, 345–94. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Das, V. (1993). Sociological research in India: The state of crisis. Economic and Political Weekly, 28(23), 1159–1161.
Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of the concept of pollution and taboo. New York, NY: Routledge.
Duroch, F., McRae, M., & Grais, R. F. (2011). Description and consequences of sexual violence in Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 11(1), 5–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-11-5.
Dutta, M.J. (2008). Communicating health: A culture-centered approach. London: Polity Press.
Dutta, M.J., & Basu, A. (2007). Health among men in rural Bengal: Exploring meanings through a culture-centered approach. Qualitative Health Research, 17: 38–48.
Dutta-Bergman, M. (2004a). Poverty, structural barriers and health: A Santali narrative of health communication. Qualitative Health Research, 14: 1107–1122.
Dutta-Bergman, M. (2004b). The unheard voices of Santalis: Communicating about health from the margins of India. Communication Theory, 14: 237–263.
Dwyer, L. (2004). The intimacy of terror: Gender and the violence of 1965–66 in Bali. Intersections: Gender, history and culture in the Asian context, 10. Retrieved from http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue10/dwyer.html
Dwyer, L., & Santikarma, D. (2003). When the world turned to chaos: The violence of 1965–1966 in Bali, Indonesia. In B. Kiernan and
Edelman, L., & Kordon, D. (2002). Social crisis, spontaneous groups and group order. Vertex, 13(50), 261–6.
Evans-Campbell, T. (2008). Historical trauma in American Indian/Native Alaska communities: A multilevel framework for exploring impacts on individual, families, and communities. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(3): 316–338. [PubMed: 18245571].
Farid, H. (2005). Indonesia’s original sin: mass killings and capitalist expansion, 1965–66. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 6(1), 3–16.
Foucault, M. (2003). “Society must be defended”: Lectures at the College de France, 1975–1976. Macey, D., translator; Bertani, M., Fontana, A., editors. New York, NY: Picador.
Goldfield A.E., Mollica, R.F., Pesavento, B.H., & Faraone, S. V. (1988). The physical and psychological sequelae of torture. JAMA, 259, 2725.
Govier, T. (2009). A dialectic of acknowledgement. In J. R. Quinn (ed.) Reconciliation(s): Transitional Justice in Postconflict Societies. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 36–50.
Gómez-Barris, M. (2009). Where memory dwells: Culture and state violence in Chile, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Guha, R., & Spivak, G. C. (eds). (1988). Selected Subaltern Studies. New York: Oxford University Press.
Halbwachs, M. (1985). Das Gedächtnis und seine sozialen Bedingungen. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
Halbwachs, M. (1992). Oncollectivememory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hearman, V. (2009). The uses of memories and oral history works in researching the 1965–1966 political violence in Indonesia. IJAPS, 5(2).
Herman, J.L. (1997). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
Hinton, D., Hinton, A., & Thay Eng, K. (2016). Key idioms of distress and PTSD among rural Cambodians: The results of a needs assessment survey. In Devon E. Hinton & Alexander L. Hinton, Genocide and Mass Violence: Memory, Symptoms, and Recovery. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Kalayjian, A., Moore, N., & Aberson, C. (2008). Exploring the long-term impact of mass trauma on physical health, coping and meaning: An examinations of the Ottoman Turkish genocide of the Armenians. Retrieved from http://works.bepress.com/ani_kalayjian/1
Kienzler, H. (2008). Debating war-trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an interdisciplinary arena. Social Science & Medicine, 67(2): 218–227. [PubMed: 18450348].
Lowenthal, D. (1985). Identity and memory and identity. In D. Lowenthal (Ed.), The past is a foreign country (pp. 3–34). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Larasati, R.D. (2013). The dance that makes you vanish: Cultural reconstruction in post-genocide Indonesia. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota Press.
Lira, E. (Ed.). (1997). Reparation, derechos humanos y salud mental [Reparation, human rights and mental health]. Santiago: Ediciones CESOC.
Maedl, A. (2011). Rape as weapon of war in the eastern DRC? the victims’ perspective. Human Rights Quarterly, 33(1), 128–147. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2011.0005.
Muhoma, C. (2012). Versions of truth and collective memory: The quest for forgiveness and healing in the context of Kenya’s postelection violence. Research in African Literatures, 43(1), 166–173.
Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: Les lieux de Mémoire. Representations, 26. Special Issue: Memory and Counter Memory, 7–24.
Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception. London and New York: Routledge.
Protection Online. (2015). Retrieved from http://protectionline.org/2015/02/24/indonesia-police-disband-meeting-1965-massacre-victims/ on May 10, 2015.
Ricoeur, P. (2004). Memory, history, forgetting: Paul ricoeur; translated by Kathleen Blamey and David Pellauer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rieder, H., & Elbert, T. (2013). Rwanda – lasting imprints of a genocide: Trauma, mental health and psychosocial conditions in survivors, former prisoners and their children. Conflict and Health, 7(6). https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-7-6.
Rousseau, C., Drapeau, A, & Rahimi, S. (2003). The Complexity of trauma response: A four-year follow-up of adolescents Cambodian refugees. Child Abuse and Neglect 27: 1277–1290.
Rüsen, J. (1989). The development of narrative competence in historical learning – as ontogenetic hypothesis concerning moral consciousness. History and memory: studies in representations of the past, 1(2), 35–59.
Scarry, E. (1985). The body in pain: The making and unmaking of the world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Schreiner, K. H. (2005). Lubang buaya: Histories of trauma and sites of memory. In M. S. Zurbuchen (ed.) Beginning to Remember: The Past In The Indonesian Present. Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp. 261–277.
Siwirini C. S. (2010). Plantungan: Pembuangan tapol perempuan. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Pusdep Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Sorabji, C. (2006). Managing memories in post-war sarajevo: Individuals, bad memories, and new wars. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 12(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00278.x.
Southwood, J. & Flanagan, P. (1983). Indonesia: Law, Propaganda and Terror, London: Zed Press.
Staub, E. (2000). Genocide and mass killing: Origins, prevention, healing and reconciliation. Political Psychology, 21(2), 379.
Toer, P.A. (1999). The mute’s soliloquoy: A memoir. Translated by Willem Samuels. New York, NY: Hyperion East.
Turner, S., & Gorst-Unsworth, C. (1990). Psychological sequelae of torture. A Descriptive model. Br. J. Psychiat, 157, 475.
Van De Kok, J., Cribb, R., & Heins, M. (1991) ‘1965 and All That: History in the Politics of the New Order’, RIMA, 25, 84–93.
Wardaya, M, K. (2010). Keadilan bagi yang berbeda paham: Rekonsiliasi dan keadilan bagi korban tragedi 1965 (Justice for those who are standing on different sides: Reconciliation and justice for the victims of tragedy 1965), Mimbar Hukum, 22 (1), 1–200.
Wertsch, J.V. (2008). The narrative organization of collective memory. Ethos, 36(1): 120–135.
Wexler, L.M., DiFluvio, G., & Burke, T.K. (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Sciences & Medicine, 69(4): 565–570. [PubMed: 19596504].
Wieringa, S. (2002). Sexual politics in Indonesia. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wieringa, S. (2009) Women resisting creeping Islamic fundamentalism in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 15(4), 30–57.
Young, K. (2002). The memory of the flesh: The family body in somatic psychology. Body & Society, 8(3), 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X02008003002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pitaloka, D., Dutta, M.J. (2019). Embodied Memories and Spaces of Healing: Culturally-Centering Voices of the Survivors of 1965 Indonesian Mass Killings. In: Dutta, M.J., Zapata, D.B. (eds) Communicating for Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2005-7_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2005-7_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2004-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2005-7
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)