Abstract
In many Asian cities, particularly those that confront increasing land scarcity, the conversion from burial to cremation has been encouraged by state agencies in the last several decades. From Hong Kong to Seoul to Singapore, planning agencies have sought to reduce the use of space for the dead, in order to release land for the use of the living. More secular guiding principles regarding efficient land use in these cities had originally come up against the symbolic values invested in burial spaces, resulting in conflicts between different value systems. In more recent years, however, the shift to cremation and columbaria has been marked and even voluntary. In still more recent years, even columbaria have become overcrowded, and sea burials (the scattering of ashes in the seas) are being encouraged, as are woodland burials (the scattering of ashes in woodlands or around trees) in places like Hong Kong and Taipei. Indeed, the latter has been promoted as the βnew eco-friendly burial method.β As burial methods change, so too do commemorative rituals, and the annual Qingming Festival (tomb sweeping) has seen the rise of new online and mobile phone rituals in China. This paper traces the ways in which physical spaces for the dead in several Asian cities have diminished and changed over time, the growth of virtual space for them, the accompanying discourses that influence these dynamics, and the new rituals that emerge concomitantly with the contraction of land space.
Although initially written for the conference that preceded this volume, this chapter was first published in substantially the same content but in a longer version in Kong, L. (2011): βNo-place, new places: death and its rituals in urban Asia,β published online in Urban Studies; printed version in 2012 as 49(2): 412β430 (http://usj.sagepub.com/content/49/2/415.abstract). This is reprinted with permission from Urban Studies.
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Notes
- 1.
Qingming Festival is a yearly festival during which families honor their departed. It entails a visit to the gravesite to clean it and to make offerings (usually flowers, candles, and incense).
- 2.
I thank Andrew Willford for offering this perspective.
- 3.
βFirst Time Human Ashes are Legally Scattered into Sea,β Ming Pao, April 8, 2007 (translated from Chinese).
- 4.
βHong Kong Should Encourage and Not Restrict Sea Burials,β Reuters China, March 14, 2007 (translated from Chinese).
- 5.
FEHD Committee, Extracts from Meeting Minutes.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
βTaipei City Running Out of Cemetery Space: Sea Burials Being Promoted in Recent Years Together with Other New Forms of Burial,β Central News Agency, 18 October, 2004 (translated from Chinese).
- 8.
βFuneral Palours Encourage Eco-friendly Burials,β China Times, December 22, 2004 (translated from Chinese).
- 9.
In the various cities, it is not uncommon to have more than one government agency oversee some aspect of death and burial practices, ranging from social welfare to health and environment. This reflects the multiple dimensions of the phenomenon.
- 10.
βTaipei Dispenses with Traditional Notions and Pushes for Tree Burials; Close to 800 People Buried,β HK China News Agency, August 21, 2007 (translated from Chinese).
- 11.
This was analyzed by examining major newspaper reports principally from 2003 (when the woodland burials first started) to 2007.
- 12.
HK China News Agency, βTaipei Dispenses with Traditional Notions.β
- 13.
βTeacherβs Ashes to be Scattered into the Sea,β United Daily News, May 21, 2006 (translated from Chinese).
- 14.
βTaipeiβs Woodland Burials Looked on in Approval,β HK China News Agency, September 18, 2003 (translated from Chinese).
- 15.
βWoodland Burials: Plans to Start Charging a Fee,β China Times, August 28, 2006 (translated from Chinese).
- 16.
HK China News Agency, βTaipeiβs Woodland Burials.β
- 17.
βWoodland Burials are Eco-friendly; a Family Woodland Burial is a Novelty,β Central News Agency, August 21, 2007 (translated from Chinese).
- 18.
βDharma Drum Mountain Holds Symposium to Promote Eco-friendly Burials,β Central News Agency, December 19, 2004 (translated from Chinese).
- 19.
βWoodland Burials are Extremely Popular One Year On,β China Times Express, 9 November, 2004 (translated from Chinese); HK China News Agency, βTaipei Dispenses with Traditional Notions.β
- 20.
βCountry and City Governments Jointly Organise Sea Burial in Early May,β China Times, March 13, 2007 (translated from Chinese).
- 21.
βIs Online Tomb Sweeping More Liberal and Advanced?,β Singapore Press Holdings, April 3, 2003 (translated from Chinese).
- 22.
βPlacing Offerings Changes the Feel of Woodland Burials,β China Times, April 6, 2007 (translated from Chinese).
- 23.
βChinese Turn to New Ways of Burial,β Peopleβs Daily, April 6, 2001 (translated from Chinese).
- 24.
βMore People in China Turn to Paying Respects to the Dead Online,β Xinhua News Agency, April 3, 2007 (translated from Chinese).
- 25.
Email interview with owner of the owner of a commercial company offering the services who wished to remain anonymous (April 12, 2009).
- 26.
Interview with Zhao G., CASS, 15 May 2009.
- 27.
βSending Words of Remembrance Online During Qing Ming is the New Trend,β China News, April 4, 2007 (translated from Chinese).
- 28.
βWhy Online Mourning hasnβt Caught on with the People,β China Internet Network Information Centre (CINIC), April 10, 2006 (translated from Chinese).
- 29.
CINIC, βOnline Mourningβ; Xinhua News Agency, βRespects to the Dead Online.β
- 30.
James Everett Katz and Ronald E. Rice, Social Consequences of Internet Use: Access, Involvement, and Interaction (Boston: MIT Press, 2002): 316.
- 31.
βChina Advocates for the Paying of Respects Online During Qing Ming to Conserve the Environment,β Reuters China, April 5, 2006 (translated from Chinese).
- 32.
CINIC, βOnline Mourning.β
- 33.
βTomb Sweeping with Just a Mouse Click; Paying Respects Online gets Popular This Year,β China Information Industry, April 10, 2002 (translated from Chinese).
- 34.
Email interview, June 18, 2009.
- 35.
CINIC, βOnline Mourning.β
- 36.
Xinhua News Agency, βRespects to the Dead Online.β
- 37.
China Information Industry Net, βTomb Sweeping.β
- 38.
China Information Industry Net, βTomb Sweeping.β
- 39.
China Information Industry Net, βTomb Sweeping.β
- 40.
Ibid.
- 41.
CINIC, βOnline Mourning.β
- 42.
I would like to acknowledge Andrew Willford for these words, made as a commentary on an earlier version of this paper.
- 43.
Internet World Statistics βAsia Internet Facebook Usage and Population Statistics.β Accessed August 31, 2009. http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia.htm
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Kong, L. (2016). No-Place, New Places: Death and Its Rituals in Urban Asia. In: Waghorne, J. (eds) Place/No-Place in Urban Asian Religiosity. ARI - Springer Asia Series, vol 5. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0385-1_3
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