Abstract
Organized crime is a complex construct. Although there is now much agreement that it poses a threat to conflict and security, its manifestations are diverse and wide-ranging. The purpose of this chapter is to point out the historic origins of the concept and show how during the past two decades it was adapted to a variety of societal conditions.
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Notes
- 1.
Comment by Academic Advisors, available at <https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/crime-in-age-of-technology---europol's-serious-and-organized-crime-threat-assessment-2017>.
- 2.
For more on the US background, see Woodiwiss 2003.
- 3.
On the history of organized crime in Europe, see the contributions in Fijnaut and Paoli 2004, at 21–238.
- 4.
Finckenauer and Waring 1998.
- 5.
Although officially launched in 1999, Europol dates back to the Europol Drugs Unit (EDU) that was created in 1993.
- 6.
- 7.
Interpol 2017.
- 8.
Preamble UN Anti-Drug Convention.
- 9.
Article 3(1) (a) (v) UN Anti-Drug Convention.
- 10.
Article 3(1) (c) (iv) UN Anti-Drug Convention.
- 11.
Article 3(5) (a) and (b) UN Anti-Drug Convention.
- 12.
<https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12&chapter=18&clang=_en>. For a commentary, see McClean 2007.
- 13.
Article 2 lit. (a), (b) and (c) UNTOC.
- 14.
The debate on what constitutes organized crime in a proper criminological understanding is probably never-ending.
- 15.
Article 5(1) (a) UNTOC.
- 16.
Article 5(1) (b) UNTOC.
- 17.
See the Legislative Guide for the Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime at para 71, available at <https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/Legislative_Guide_2017/Legislative_Guide_E.pdf>.
- 18.
Resolution 9/1, see <https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/intro/revew-mechanism-untoc.html>.
- 19.
Official Journal C 251 of 15 August 1997, pp. 1–16.
- 20.
Joint Action of 21 December 1998 adopted by the Council on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on making it a criminal offence to participate in a criminal organization in the Member States of the European Union. Official Journal L 351 of 29 December 1998, p. 1–3.
- 21.
Later in 2011, Council of Europe Recommendation Rec(2001)11 concerning guiding principles on the fight against organized crime reiterated the UNTOC approach for Council of Europe Member States. See <https://rm.coe.int/16804c0f57>.
- 22.
Para 3 Preamble, Council Framework Decision 2008/841/JHA of 24 October 2008 “On the Fight against Organized Crime”. Official Journal L 300 of 11 November 2008, p. 42–45. See also the critical comments by Calderoni 2008.
- 23.
Para 4 Preamble, ibid.
- 24.
DiNicola et al. 2015.
- 25.
Krüßmann 2009, pp. 410–412.
- 26.
Krüßmann 2020.
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
SOCTA 2017, 13.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38.
- 39.
- 40.
- 41.
- 42.
Buzan et al. 1998.
- 43.
- 44.
Olson 1993.
- 45.
See the overview by Karstedt 2014 with many references.
- 46.
Based on the EU Commission‘s Report “Investor Citizenship and Residence Schemes in the European Union” of 23 January 2019 [COM(2019) 12 final], a Group of Member State Experts on Investor Citizenship and Residence Schemes was created that is investigating the issue in the course of the year 2019. For more information, see <https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/report-commission-european-parliament-council-european-economic-and-social-committee-and-committee-regions-investor-citizenship-and-residence-schemes-european-union_en>.
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Kruessmann, T. (2022). Organized Crime. In: Sayapin, S., Atadjanov, R., Kadam, U., Kemp, G., Zambrana-Tévar, N., Quénivet, N. (eds) International Conflict and Security Law. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-515-7_54
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