Abstract
The article introduces the topic of this book: the reach of free movement, and the book’s focus on what constitutes a restriction to free movement. That threshold remains low, for all freedoms. However, the discussion of what constitutes restriction continues. That is not surprising: the restriction concept is the most basic component of free movement. The article sets out the argument for different tests, discrimination, market access or de minimis thresholds. It puts forward one explanation for the CJEU’s Keck line of cases on selling arrangements and use restrictions. It is an incremental approach to forms of restrictions without impact on free movement in the Internal Market. The CJEU cannot replace this jurisprudence with a general test different from ‘restriction’, which in practice would mean that many forms of restrictions, including new ones, would not be reviewed by the CJEU. This incremental approach is in the nature of court review. Academic scholarship has criticised the Keck approach, and those defending it have not provided much in terms of analysis. Scholarship should be a force for coherence and convergence, and assist in the development of general free movement and Internal Market concepts. This chapter also provides an overview of the contributions in the book and explains how they fit into this project.
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Notes
- 1.
This book is one outcome of a long-term project on The Reach of Free Movement, see under Sect. 1.3 below.
- 2.
Joined Cases C-267/91 and 268/91 Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097.
- 3.
Case C-110/05 Commission v. Italy (Trailers) [2009] ECR I-519.
- 4.
Case C-142/05 Åklagaren v Percy Mickelsson and Joakim Roos [2009] I-4273.
- 5.
Case 2/74 Reyners v Belgium [1974] ECR 631, Case 33/74 Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid [1974] ECR 1299 and Case C-71/76 Jean Thieffry v Conseil de l’ordre des avocats à la cour de Paris [1977] ECR 765.
- 6.
Case 192/73 Van Zuylen v Hag (Café Hag I), [1974] ECR 731 and Case C-10/89 CNL-Sucal v Hag (Café Hag II) [1990] ECR I-3711.
- 7.
C-212/97 Centros Ltd v Erhvervs-og Selskabsstyrelsen [1999] ECR I-01459 and C-208/00 Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH [2002] I-9919.
- 8.
C-438/05 International Transport Workers Federation v Viking Line ABP [2007] ECR I-10779, Laval Un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareforbundet Laval and Partneri [2007] ECR I-11767.
- 9.
Joined Cases C-267/91 and 268/91 Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097.
- 10.
Case C-142/05 Åklagaren v Percy Mickelsson and Joakim Roos [2009] I-4273.
- 11.
Case C-110/05 Commission v Italy (Trailers) [2009] ECR I-519.
- 12.
Case C-171/11, Fra.bo, ECLI:EU:C:2012:453.
- 13.
Andenas and Roth 2003.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
- 17.
Szyszczak et al. 2011.
- 18.
- 19.
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Andenas, M. (2017). The Reach of Free Movement and the Gradualist Approach of the CJEU: An Introduction. In: Andenas, M., Bekkedal, T., Pantaleo, L. (eds) The Reach of Free Movement. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-195-1_1
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