Abstract
This chapter gives an insight in the possibilities and limitations of the prevention of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). An elaboration upon the diagnosis, criteria, onset and prevalence demonstrates the enormous impact of PTSD. Prevalence rates vary between countries and with the intensity of missions, but are lower in non-US Western countries. The risk factors for PTSD are well documented, as well as relationships between PTSD and an individual’s psychological, biological, and social functioning. Less research is focused on protective factors for PTSD. Although resilience is an important protective factor for early prevention, current prevention strategies based on this concept are not very effective. The time frame after the trauma (golden hours) is important for applying psychological and pharmacological preventing strategies. It is not clear yet what kind of prevention will be effective in the future.
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Notes
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Sookermany et al. 2015.
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Whetham 2013.
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Olff et al. 2004.
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https://www.iwh.on.ca/wrmb/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention. Accessed 10 March 2016.
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https://www.iwh.on.ca/wrmb/primary-secondary-and-tertiary-prevention. Accessed 10 March 2016.
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Matthews 2008.
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https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2010/08/6001/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-prevention-military. Accessed 10 March 2016.
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Friedman 2013.
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http://www.dsm-5-nl.org/documenten/artikel/33/De-Posttraumatische-Stressstoornis-in-de-DSM-5 30 maart 2015. Accessed 2 March 2016.
- 13.
http://www.dsm-5-nl.org/documenten/artikel/33/De-Posttraumatische-Stressstoornis-in-de-DSM-5 30 maart 2015. Accessed 2 March 2016.
- 14.
http://www.dsm-5-nl.org/documenten/artikel/33/De-Posttraumatische-Stressstoornis-in-de-DSM-5 30 maart 2015. Accessed 2 March 2016.
- 15.
Zohar et al. 2011.
- 16.
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Kessler et al. 2005.
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Zohar et al. 2011.
- 19.
Burbiel 2015.
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De Jongh and Arts 2004.
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De Vries and Olff 2009.
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Richardson et al. 2010.
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http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG720.html. Accessed 2 March 2016.
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Burbiel 2015.
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Hines et al. 2014.
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- 28.
McDonald and Calhoun 2010.
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Engelhard et al. 2007.
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- 31.
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Milliken et al. 2007.
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Bliese et al. 2007.
- 34.
Pietrzak et al. 2012.
- 35.
Litz et al. 2009.
- 36.
Richardson et al. 2010.
- 37.
Other traumatic events can also lead to PTSD, such as fire, natural disaster, mugging, robbery, car accident, plane crash, torture, kidnapping, life-threatening medical diagnosis, terrorist attack, and other extreme or life-threatening events.
- 38.
Bartone et al. 1998.
- 39.
Pietrzak et al. 2012.
- 40.
- 41.
Hoge et al. 2004.
- 42.
Mulligan et al. 2010.
- 43.
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http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/2014/Rona-2014a.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2016.
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Zohar et al. 2011.
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Ozer et al. 2003.
- 50.
Bourque 2012.
- 51.
James et al. 2013.
- 52.
- 53.
Britt et al. 2004.
- 54.
Posttraumatic growth or benefit finding is a cognitive process that involves finding purpose and meaning in one’s suffering and thus refers to positive personal changes resulting from coping with a traumatic event, Wood et al. 2012.
- 55.
- 56.
Vogt et al. 2008.
- 57.
- 58.
Op den Buijs et al. 2010.
- 59.
Vasterling et al. 2010.
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- 61.
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- 63.
Bourque 2012.
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https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2010/08/6001/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd-prevention-military. Accessed 10 March 2016.
- 66.
Kobasa 1979.
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- 68.
- 69.
Eid and Morgan 2006.
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- 71.
Bliese and Castro 2003.
- 72.
See for example the websites of the Department of Veterans Affairs, http://www.va.gov/. Accessed 5 July 2016.
- 73.
https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/ehc/products/403/1444/PTSD-prevention-executive-130327.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2016.
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https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/ehc/products/403/1444/PTSD-prevention-executive-130327.pdf. Accessed 10 March 2016.
- 75.
- 76.
- 77.
Taft et al. 2011.
- 78.
Reivich et al. 2011.
- 79.
Next to the CSF, the US launched the Mater Resilience Training (MRT) in 2009. The purpose of the MRT course is to teach NCO’s a set of skills and techniques that build resilience and that they can, in turn, teach to other soldiers.
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Escolas et al. 2013.
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Zohar et al. 2009.
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Rose et al. 2002.
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Klein et al. 2003.
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Rose et al. 2002.
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Zohar et al. 2011.
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Klein et al. 2003.
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Zohar et al. 2011.
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Zohar et al. 2011.
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https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01713556, Accessed 23 March 2016.
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op den Buijs, T. (2016). Can Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Be Prevented?. In: Beeres, R., Bakx, G., de Waard, E., Rietjens, S. (eds) NL ARMS Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2016. NL ARMS. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-135-7_9
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