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Biomarkers for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

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Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

Abdominal aorta aneurysm (AAA) is a serious threat for human life, especially in such cases when it is asymptomatic until aneurysm rupture, which is a general cause of death in AAA subjects. The aim of the present chapter, firstly, is to give a conceptual description of the potential biomarkers that can correlate and predict the natural history of an AAA. Secondly, the aim of this chapter is to summarize the developments in the literature concerning the novel biomarkers and their potential screening and therapeutic values. In conclusion, currently no specific laboratory markers allow to screen for the disease and to monitor its progression or the results of treatment. Further studies and studies in larger patient groups are required in order to validate biomarkers as cost-effective tools in the AAA disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1st Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Demetrios Moris, Antonios Athanasiou, Spiridon Vernadakis & Sotirios Georgopoulos

Authors
  1. Demetrios Moris
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  2. Antonios Athanasiou
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  3. Spiridon Vernadakis
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  4. Sotirios Georgopoulos
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Demetrios Moris .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Sciences Division, King's College, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

Definitions of Words and Terms

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

is a localized dilatation of the abdominal aorta exceeding the normal diameter by more than 50 %.

Rupture

is the most common complication of AAA and one of the most fatal surgical emergencies; it has an overall mortality rate of approximately 90 %. Existing evidence indicates better overall outcome when repair of AAA is performed on elective basis compared to the emergency repair.

Endovascular aneurysm repair

(or endovascular aortic repair) (EVAR) is a type of endovascular surgery used to treat an abdominal aortic aneurysm The procedure involves the placement of an expandable stent graft within the aorta to treat aortic disease without operating directly on the aorta.

Endoleak

is a leak into the aneurysm sac after endovascular repair. There are five types of endoleaks.

Screening

for AAA would most benefit those who have a reasonably high probability of having an AAA that is large enough or will become large enough to benefit from surgery. Ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 95 % and specificity of nearly 100 % when performed in a setting of screening for AAA.

Molecular biomarker

can be defined as a detectable cell, protein, peptide, gene, or metabolic product that represents biologic processes that take place in an organism at a given time.

Elastase

is a protease associated with the breakdown of aortic elastin.

Cathepsins

are elastolytic enzymes that expressed strongly in the AAA wall and favor inflammation in AAA lesions by promoting microvascularization and smooth muscle cell apoptosis as well as leukocytes adhesion and proliferation.

Cystatin C

is an endogenous inhibitor of cysteine protease activity.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are capable of degrading all kinds of extracellular matrix proteins, but also can process a number of bioactive molecules.

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Moris, D., Athanasiou, A., Vernadakis, S., Georgopoulos, S. (2015). Biomarkers for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7741-5_4-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7741-5_4-1

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  • Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7741-5

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