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Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe

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Yearbook on Space Policy 2014

Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

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Abstract

The major space policy developments worldwide were presented in Chap. 1, above, to identify the principal space faring nations’ strategies in 2014. In the section below, there will be a brief discussion of developments in technology related areas, including policies and access to space technologies. The aim of this section is to clarify how these strategies interact with and influence specific space programmes, and related research and development projects.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Henry, Caleb. “ESA Hands Reins to Industry on New Launchers.” 3 Dec. 2014. Satellite Today 22 June 2015. http://www.satellitetoday.com/launch/2014/12/03/esa-hands-reins-to-industry-on-new-launchers/.

  2. 2.

    “ESA Workhorse to Power NASA’s Orion Spacecraft.” 16 Jan. 2013. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Research/ESA_workhorse_to_power_NASA_s_Orion_spacecraft.

  3. 3.

    Foust, Jeff. “SN Blog | The Role of International Cooperation in China’s Space Station Plans.” 14 Oct. 2014. SpaceNews 30 June 2015. http://spacenews.com/42183sn-blog-the-role-of-international-cooperation-in-chinas-space-station-plans/.

  4. 4.

    Foust, Jeff. “65th International Astronautical Congress | European Re-entry Demonstrator Ready for November Test Flight.” 3 Oct. 2014. SpaceNerws 14 July 2015. http://spacenews.com/4207765th-international-astronautical-congress-european-re-entry-demonstrator/.

  5. 5.

    “Vega launch of ESA spaceplane postponed.” 28 Oct. 2014. ESA 15 July 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/IXV/Vega_launch_of_ESA_spaceplane_postponed.

  6. 6.

    Foust, Jeff. “Looming SLS Delay To Rekindle Debate about NASA’s Priorities.” 29 Aug. 2014. SpaceNews 14 July 2015. http://spacenews.com/41710looming-sls-delay-to-rekindle-debate-about-nasas-priorities/.

  7. 7.

    Foust, Jeff. “Next Orion Flight To Slip to 2018.” 3 Dec. 2014. SpaceNews 14 July 2015. http://spacenews.com/42825next-orion-flight-to-slip-to-2018/.

  8. 8.

    Leone, Dan. “Hill Staffers: Commercial Space Launch Bill Is Coming This Year.” 26 May 2014. SpaceNews 14 July 2015. http://spacenews.com/40694hill-staffers-commercial-space-launch-bill-is-coming-this-year/.

  9. 9.

    Nowakowski, Tomasz. “Putin pledges $1.5 billion for completion of Vostochny Cosmodrome, OKs plans for creating super-heavy rockets.” 9 Sept. 2014. Spaceflight Insider 16 July 2015. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/roscosmos/putin-pledges-1-5-billion-completion-vostochny-cosmodrome-oks-plans-creating-super-heavy-rockets/.

  10. 10.

    Bodner, Matthew. “Putin Pledges $1 Billion for Completion of New Cosmodrome.” 2 Sept. 2014. The Moscow Times 16 July 2015. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/putin-pledges-1-billion-for-completion-of-new-cosmodrome/506321.html.

  11. 11.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Russia’s Angara 1.2 Rocket Succeeds in Inaugural Flight, Khrunichev Says.” 9 July 2014. SpaceNews 16 July 2015. http://spacenews.com/41184russias-angara-12-rocket-succeeds-in-inaugural-flight-khrunichev-says/.

  12. 12.

    Bodner, Matthew. “Angara Launch Troubles Reflect Russia's Struggling Space Industry.” 1 July 2014. The Moscow Times 16 July 2015. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/angara-launch-troubles-reflect-russias-struggling-space-industry/502809.html.

  13. 13.

    Amos, Jonathan. “Russia’s Angara rocket ‘makes debut’.” 9 July 2014. BBC.com 16 July 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28058633.

  14. 14.

    Kallendar-Umezu, Paul. “Japanese Government Recommends Developing H-2A Successor.” 27 May 2013. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/35499japanese-government-recommends-developing-h-2a-successor.

  15. 15.

    Onuki, Misuzi. “Japan Approves $1.9B for H-3 Rocket.” 13 Jan. 2014. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/39069japan-approves-19b-for-h-3-rocket.

  16. 16.

    Onuki, Misuzu. “MHI Formally Selected as H-X Prime Contractor, Operator.” 25 Mar. 2014. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/39971mhi-formally-selected-as-h-x-prime-contractor-operator.

  17. 17.

    White Papers of the Government of China. “China’s Space Activities in 2011.“ Beijing 29 Dec. 2011. 6 Mar. 2012. http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7145648.htm.

  18. 18.

    David, Leonard. “China's New Spaceport to Launch Country's Largest Rocket Yet.” 2 Apr. 2014. Space.com 16 July 2015. http://www.space.com/25323-china-new-spaceport-rocket-launches.html.

  19. 19.

    Lin, Jeffrey and P.W. Singer. “China Is Building One Of The World's Largest Space Launch Vehicles.” 11 Dec. 2014. Popular Science 16 July 2015. http://www.popsci.com/long-march-goes.

  20. 20.

    Fisher (Jr.), Richard D. “China launches second Kuaizhou mobile SLV.” 26 Nov. 2014. HIS Jane’s 360 16 July 2015. http://www.janes.com/article/46360/china-launches-second-kuaizhou-mobile-slv.

  21. 21.

    Profiles of Government Space Programs. Paris: Euroconsult, 2014: 18.

  22. 22.

    Lei, Zhao. “New Long March launcher on the drawing board.” 9 Dec. 2014. SpaceDaily 16 July 2015. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/New_Long_March_launcher_on_the_drawing_board_999.html.

  23. 23.

    “Chinese Super-Heavy Launcher Designs Exceed Saturn V.” 30 Sept. 2013. Aviation Week 2 May 2014. http://aviationweek.com/awin/chinese-super-heavy-launcher-designs-exceed-saturn-v.

  24. 24.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2012: 15.

  25. 25.

    “GSLV.” ISRO 19 Apr. 2013. http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/GSLV/gslv.aspx.

  26. 26.

    “GSLV MARK III.” ISRO 19 Apr. 2013. http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx.

  27. 27.

    “First Experimental Flight of India’s Next Generation Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk-III Successful.” 18 Dec. 2014. ISRO 15 July 2015. http://www.isro.gov.in/update/18-dec-2014/first-experimental-flight-of-indias-next-generation-launch-vehicle-gslv-mk-iii.

  28. 28.

    De Selding, Peter B. “65th International Astronautical Congress | India Poised To Expand Presence in Global Launch Market.” 1 Oct. 2014. SpaceNews 14 July 2015. http://spacenews.com/4205565th-international-astronautical-congress-india-poised-to-expand-presence/.

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    “ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst arrives at Space Station.” 29 May 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Blue_dot/ESA_astronaut_Alexander_Gerst_arrives_at_Space_Station.

  31. 31.

    “Ask astronaut Alexander anything.” 11 Mar. 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Blue_dot/Ask_astronaut_Alexander_anything.

  32. 32.

    “ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst arrives at Space Station.” 29 May 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Blue_dot/ESA_astronaut_Alexander_Gerst_arrives_at_Space_Station.

  33. 33.

    “Alexander’s first week in space.” 5 June 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Blue_dot/Alexander_s_first_week_in_space.

  34. 34.

    “Wiseman and Gerst Complete First Spacewalk of Expedition 41.” 7 Oct. 2014. NASA 27 May 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/content/wiseman-and-gerst-complete-first-spacewalk-of-expedition-41.

  35. 35.

    “ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst returns to Earth.” 10 Nov. 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Blue_dot/ESA_astronaut_Alexander_Gerst_returns_to_Earth.

  36. 36.

    “ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti arrives at Space Station.” 24 Nov. 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Futura/ESA_astronaut_Samantha_Cristoforetti_arrives_at_Space_Station.

  37. 37.

    “Futura mission in brief.” 27 Oct. 2014. ESA 27 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Futura/Futura_mission_in_brief.

  38. 38.

    “ATV-5 set to test new rendezvous sensors.” 18 Mar. 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ATV/ATV-5_set_to_test_new_rendezvous_sensors.

  39. 39.

    “ATV-5: loaded and locked.” 23 July 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ATV/ATV-5_loaded_and_locked.

  40. 40.

    “ATV-5 Mission Updates.” 1Oct. 2014. Spaceflight101.com 27 May 2015. http://www.spaceflight101.com/atv-5-mission-updates.html.

  41. 41.

    “ESA space ferry moves Space Station to avoid debris.” 4 Nov. 2014. ESA 26 May 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ATV/ESA_space_ferry_moves_Space_Station_to_avoid_debris.

  42. 42.

    Annual Report 2013 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 20 Dec. 2013. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 14 Apr. 2014. http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Annual-Report_2013_FINAL.pdf.

  43. 43.

    “Russia launches Expedition 39 to ISS.” Russian Space Web 26 May 2015. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma12m.html.

  44. 44.

    “Russia launches fresh crew to ISS.” Russian Space Web 26 May 2015. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma13m.html.

  45. 45.

    “Mission of Soyuz TMA-14M.” Russian Space Web 26 May 2015. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma14m.html.

  46. 46.

    “Mission of Soyuz TMA-15M.” Russian Space Web 26 May 2015. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma15m.html.

  47. 47.

    Burke, Myles. “Russian cosmonauts make six-and-a-half-hour spacewalk outside ISS.” 18 Aug. 2014. The Telegraph 21 Aug. 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/11041065/Russian-cosmonauts-make-six-and-a-half-hour-spacewalk-outside-ISS.html.

  48. 48.

    Allen, Nick. “Zebrafish, athlete’s foot and 3D printing: 10 far out experiments on the International Space Station.” 26 Sept. 2014. The Telegraph 21 Aug. 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/11122637/Zebrafish-athletes-foot-and-3D-printing-10-far-out-experiments-on-the-International-Space-Station.html.

  49. 49.

    “A complete chronology of ISS missions.” Russian Space Web 26 May 2015. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_chronology_flights.html.

  50. 50.

    “China plans to launch Tiangong-2 space lab around 2015.” 27 June 2013. Space Daily 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_plans_to_launch_Tiangong_2_space_lab_around_2015_999.html.

  51. 51.

    “China’s space station to be established around 2022.” 10 Sept. 2014. English.news.cn 11 June 2015. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-09/10/c_133633441.htm.

  52. 52.

    Clark, Stephen. “ESA lunar lander shelved ahead of budget conference.” 20 Nov. 2012. Spaceflight Now 21 Apr. 2013. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1211/20moonlander/.

  53. 53.

    Gibey, Elizabeth. “Europe proposes joint Moon trips with Russia.” 9 Dec. 2014. Nature 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nature.com/news/europe-proposes-joint-moon-trips-with-russia-1.16517.

  54. 54.

    Press Release. “NASA Releases First Interactive Mosaic of Lunar North Pole.” 18 Mar. 2014. NASA 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/march/nasa-releases-first-interactive-mosaic-of-lunar-north-pole/.

  55. 55.

    Zubritsky, Elizabeth. “NASA Missions Let Scientists See Moon’s Dancing Tide From Orbit.” 29 May 2014. NASA 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-missions-let-scientists-see-moon-s-dancing-tide-from-orbit/.

  56. 56.

    “Electric Sparks May Alter Evolution of Lunar Soil.” 21 Aug. 2014. NASA 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/electric-sparks-may-alter-evolution-of-lunar-soil/.

  57. 57.

    Release. “NASA Mission Finds Widespread Evidence of Young Lunar Volcanism.” 12 Oct. 2014. NASA 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/.

  58. 58.

    Zubritsky, Elizabeth. “Internet Radio Provides Musical Space-Weather Reports from NASA’s LRO Mission.” 9 Jan. 2014. NASA 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/musical-space-weather-reports-from-nasas-lro/.

  59. 59.

    Keller, J. “The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the New Moon: Mission Highlights and Two More Years of Science From Lunar Orbit!” 22 Nov. 2014. LRO—Lunar Planetary Institute 16 Mar. 2015. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/leag2014/presentations/keller.pdf.

  60. 60.

    Petro, Noah E., and John W. Keller. “The second extended science mission for the lunar reconnaissance orbiter: Status, science goals, and data deliveries.” 15 Sept. 2014. LPSC 16 Mar. 2015. http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2278.pdf.

  61. 61.

    “Missions—LADEE—NASA Science.” NASA 16 Apr. 2014. http://science.nasa.gov/missions/ladee/.

  62. 62.

    Hoover, Rachel. “NASA Extends Moon Exploring Satellite Mission.” 31 Jan. 2014. NASA 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/ames/nasa-extends-moon-exploring-satellite-mission/.

  63. 63.

    Elphic, Rick. “LADEE Project Scientist Update: Citius, propius, occupatus.” 10 Apr. 2014. NASA 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/ames/ladee-project-scientist-update/.

  64. 64.

    “NASA Completes LADEE Mission with Planned Impact on Moon’s Surface.” 18 Apr. 2014. NASA 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/ames/nasa-completes-ladee-mission-with-planned-impact-on-moons-surface/.

  65. 65.

    “Chang E III launch next year will achieve lander and rover joint probe.” 14 June 2012. News.Xinhuanet.Com 21 Aug. 2015. http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-06/14/c_112217044.htm.

  66. 66.

    “China’s Jade Rabbit rover explores Moon soil.” 16 Jan. 2014. BBC News 21 Aug. 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25763168.

  67. 67.

    Chen, Stephen. “Last-ditch efforts to salvage mission of China's stricken Jade Rabbit lunar rover.” 18 Apr. 2014. South China Morning Post 21 Aug. 2015. http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1486425/last-ditch-efforts-salvage-mission-chinas-stricken-jade-rabbit-lunar.

  68. 68.

    Spudis, Paul D. “China is Now Positioned to Dominate the Moon.” 6 Nov. 2014. Air & Space Smithsonian 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/china-now-positioned-dominate-moon-180953267/?no-ist.

  69. 69.

    Lakdawalla, Emily. “UPDATED: China successfully launched test mission for Chang’e 5 program today.” 23 Oct. 2014. Plantary.org 28 Feb. 2015. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/10230750-china-to-launch-test-mission.html.

  70. 70.

    “China Targets Moon Sample-Return Mission in 2017.” 26 Dec. 2013. Space.com 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/24055-china-moon-sample-return-mission.html.

  71. 71.

    “China considering manned lunar landing in 2025–2030.” 24 May 2009. China View 21 Apr. 2013. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/24/content_11425131.htm.

  72. 72.

    “Recognizing Giant Leaps: Google Lunar XPRIZE Establishes Milestone Prizes (Op-Ed).” 7 Nov. 2013. Space.com 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/23503-google-lunar-xprize-milestone-prizes.html.

  73. 73.

    “Google Lunar X PRIZE.” Google Lunar XPRIZE 26 Mar. 2013. http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/.

  74. 74.

    “As 2013 Comes To An End, Competition Intensifies In Private Race To The Moon.” 19 Dec. 2013. Google Lunar X Prize 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/blog/2013-comes-end-competition-intensifies-private-race-moon.

  75. 75.

    Foust, Jeff. “Google Lunar X Prize Extends Competition Deadline.” 17 Dec. 2014. SpaceNews 23 July 2015. http://spacenews.com/google-lunar-x-prize-extends-competition-deadline/.

  76. 76.

    “Mars Express ready for comet encounter.” 17 Oct. 2014. ESA 1 Mar. 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Mars_Express_ready_for_comet_encounter.

  77. 77.

    “ExoMars Lander Module Named Schiaparelli.” 8 Nov. 2013. ESA 28 Mar. 2014. http://exploration.esa.int/mars/53145-exomars-lander-module-named-schiaparelli/.

  78. 78.

    “ExoMars orbiter core module completed.” 3 Feb. 2014. ESA 1 Mar. 2015. http://exploration.esa.int/mars/53642-exomars-orbiter-core-module-completed/.

  79. 79.

    “ExoMars: ESA and Roscosmos for Mars Missions.” 14 Mar. 2013. ESA 28 Mar. 2014. http://exploration.esa.int/mars/51495-exomars-esa-and-roscosmos-set-for-mars-missions/.

  80. 80.

    “Four candidate landing sites for ExoMars 2018.” 1 Oct. 2014. ESA 1 Mar. 2015. http://exploration.esa.int/mars/54708-four-candidate-landing-sites-for-exomars-2018/.

  81. 81.

    Press Release. “NASA Moves Longest-Serving Mars Spacecraft for New Observations.” 12 Feb. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1602.

  82. 82.

    “Orbiter Completes Maneuver to Prepare for Comet Flyby.” 6 Aug. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1689.

  83. 83.

    “NASA’s Mars Odyssey Orbiter Watches Comet Fly Near.” 19 Oct. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1736.

  84. 84.

    “Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 26 Mar. 2013. http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/.

  85. 85.

    “NASA Orbiter Observations Point to ‘Dry Ice’ Snowfall on Mars.” 11 Sept. 2012. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 28 Mar. 2014. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1341.

  86. 86.

    “NASA Mars Orbiters See Clues to Possible Water Flows.” 10 Feb. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1599.

  87. 87.

    “NASA Orbiter Finds New Gully Channel on Mars.” 19 Mar. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1613.

  88. 88.

    “NASA’s Mars Spacecraft Manoeuvres to Prepare for Close Comet Flyby.” 25 July 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2014. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1675.

  89. 89.

    “NASA Lands Car-Size Rover Beside Martian Mountain.” 5 Aug. 2012. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20120805c.html.

  90. 90.

    Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). 14 May. 2012. NASA NSSDC 14 Jan. 2013. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2011-070A.

  91. 91.

    “NASA’s Curiosity Rover Drills Sandstone Slab on Mars.” 6 May 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/msl/drill-hole-20140506/.

  92. 92.

    “NASA Mars Curiosity Rover: Two Years and Counting on Red Planet.” 5 Aug. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/msl/curiosity-20140805/.

  93. 93.

    “NASA Rover Drill Pulls First Taste From Mars Mountain.” 25 Sept. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/msl/nasa-rover-drill-pulls-first-taste-from-mars-mountain/.

  94. 94.

    “NASA’s Curiosity Mars Rover Finds Mineral Match.” 4 Nov. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/msl/nasas-curiosity-mars-rover-finds-mineral-match/.

  95. 95.

    “NASA Goddard Instrument Makes First Detection of Organic Matter on Mars.” 16 Dec. 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/mars-organic-matter/.

  96. 96.

    “MAVEN spacecraft enters orbit around Mars.” 22 Sept. 2014. University of Colorado Boulder 1 Mar. 2015. http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/2014/09/22/maven-spacecraft-enters-orbit-around-mars/.

  97. 97.

    “MAVEN.” University of Colorado Boulder 14 Jan. 2013. http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/.

  98. 98.

    “NASA Launches Mission to Study Upper Atmosphere of Mars.” 18 Nov. 2013. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/november/nasa-launches-mission-to-study-upper-atmosphere-of-mars/#.Uzl3uvmSwj5.

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    “Mars Spacecraft Reveal Comet Flyby Effects on Martian Atmosphere.” 7 Nov. 2014. University of Colorado Boulder 1 Mar. 2015. http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/2014/11/07/mars-spacecraft-reveal-comet-flyby-effects-on-martian-atmosphere/.

  100. 100.

    “MAVEN Completes Commissioning And Begins Its Primary Science Mission.” 17 Nov. 2014. University of Colorado Boulder 1 Mar. 2015. http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/2014/11/17/maven-completes-commissioning-and-begins-its-primary-science-mission/.

  101. 101.

    “MAVEN Identifies Links in Chain Leading to Atmospheric Loss.” 15 Dec. 2014. University of Colorado Boulder 1 Mar. 2015. http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/2014/12/15/maven-identifies-links-in-chain-leading-to-atmospheric-loss/.

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    “Mars Mission: India creates history as Mangalyaan successfully enters Mars orbit in first attempt.” 24 Sept. 2014. The Economic Times 22 Mar. 2015. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/mars-mission-india-creates-history-as-mangalyaan-successfully-enters-mars-orbit-in-first-attempt/articleshow/43299562.cms.

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    “Indian Space Research Organisation | Mars Orbiter Mission.” Indian Space Research Organisation 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.isro.org/mars/home.aspx.

  105. 105.

    Mason, Betsy. “Cassini Gets Life Extension to Explore Saturn Until 2017.” 3 Feb. 2010. WIRED 18 Dec. 2012. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/02/cassini-life-extension-2017/.

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    “Sunsets on Titan Reveal the Complexity of Hazy Exoplanets.” 27 May 2014. NASA 1 Mar. 2015. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20140527/.

  107. 107.

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    Cenan Al-Ekabi

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  1. ESPI - European Space Policy Instit, Vienna, Austria

    Cenan Al-Ekabi

  2. European Space Policy Institute (ES, Wien, Austria

    Blandina Baranes

  3. European Space Policy Institute, Wien, Austria

    Peter Hulsroj

  4. European Space Policy Institute, Wien, Austria

    Arne Lahcen

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Al-Ekabi, C. (2016). Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe. In: Al-Ekabi, C., Baranes, B., Hulsroj, P., Lahcen, A. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2014. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1899-3_2

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