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Embryology of the Head and Neck

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Pediatric Neuroradiology

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Abstract

The region of the head and neck is complex according to its anatomy. Its development is particularly difficult to unravel because many interactions are playing important roles, these processes are only beginning to be revealed. It is easy to split this chapter into four: vault, base of the skull, face and neck. The bone forming the vault of the skull derive from membranous ossification. The different bones of the vault are derived either from neural crest or mesoderm. These bones are being established gradually receiving information of the neural tube, the surface ectoderm and the dura. The area separating two bones constitutes the suture, a real organ whose anomaly leads to the formation of various craniosynostosis. The main genes explaining human craniosynostosis are MSX, FGF receptors, TWIST and EphA4. Skull base follows endochondral ossification. Schematically one can distinguish three regions: prechordal area, chordal region and otic capsule. Sonic hedgehog is a morphogen very involved in the formation of the skull base. The otic capsule is directly induced by the otic vesicle. Finally, the regulation of the supra-occipital is radically different from the rest of the base. The face results from merging of five buds (a frontonasal, two maxillary and two mandibular). The interactions playing a role in the development of the face are just beginning to be elucidated. Nerve and sensory structures (optic vesicle and olfactory mucosa) have a major role in these processes. Neck results from the formation and evolution of branchial arches. These arches are made of endoderm, mesoderm, mesectoderm and surface ectoderm. Many molecules account for the interactions between these tissues that are necessary to build normal anatomical structures.

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  1. Fédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l’hôpital, 75651, cedex 13, Paris, France

    Martin Catala

  2. Laboratoire de biologie du développement, UMR 7622, CNRS and université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9, quai Saint-Bernard Boîte 24, 75252, cedex 05, Paris, France

    Martin Catala

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  1. Department of Neuroradiology, G Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy

    Andrea Rossi

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Catala, M. (2016). Embryology of the Head and Neck. In: Rossi, A. (eds) Pediatric Neuroradiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46258-4_59-1

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