Zusammenfassung
In diesem Kapitel besprechen wir die zentralen Punkte des Urteilens und Entscheidens im polizeilichen Kontext. In einem ersten Schritt führen wir in die psychologischen Grundsätze naturalistischer Entscheidungsprozesse ein. Dann besprechen wir kognitive Verzerrungen und logische Fehlschlüsse, für die naturalistische Entscheidungsprozesse besonders anfällig sind und die Polizeivollzugsbeamt*innen* und Bürger erhöhten Risiken aussetzen. Wir beschränken unsere Auswahl auf solche kognitiven Verzerrungen, die sich durch ihre übergeordnete Wirkungsweise als besonders effektive Ansatzpunkte eignen, durch trainierbareund einfach anwendbare Interventionsstrategien nachgelagerten Denkfehlern vorzubeugen. Schließlich stellen wir einfach t Interventionsstrategien vor, um diesen kognitiven Verzerrungen und logischen Fehlschlüssen vorzubeugen.
*Wir gendern im vorliegenden Beitrag mit *
Reviewys: Jürgen Biedermann, Marie Ottilie Frenkel.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Literatur
Abernathy, C., & Hamm, R. M. (1995). Surgical intuition: What it is and how to get it. Hanley & Belfus.
Alvarez, N. (2020). Stop. Rewind. Replay.: Performance, police training and mental health crisis response. Performance Research, 25(8), 69–75.
Alpert, G. P., & Dunham, R. G. (2004). Understanding police use of force: Officers, suspects, and reciprocity. Cambridge University Press.
Alsaad, A., Taamneh, A., & Al-Jedaiah, M. N. (2018). Does social media increase racist behavior? An examination of confirmation bias theory. Technology in Society, 55, 41–46.
Bakken, B. T., & Haerem, T. (2011). Intuition in Crisis Management: The Secret Weapon of Successful Decision Makers? In Handbook of intuition research. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Baron, R. A. (2009). Effectual versus predictive logics in entrepreneurial decision making: Differences between experts and novices: Does experience in starting new ventures change the way entrepreneurs think? Perhaps, but for now, “caution” is essential. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(4), 310–315.
Berne, E. (1991). Transaktionsanalyse der Intuition. Junfermann.
Bradford, B., & Jackson, J. (2021). Legitimacy, relational norms and reciprocity [Preprint]. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=fr&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Legitimacy%2C+relational+norms+and+reciprocity+&btnG=.
Brough, P., Chataway, S., & Biggs, A. (2016). ‘You don’t want people knowing you’re a copper!’A contemporary assessment of police organisational culture. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 18(1), 28–36.
Cialdini, R. B. (2006). Influence: the psychology of persuasion, revised edition. William Morrow.
Crandall, B., & Calderwood, R. (1989). Clinical assessment skills of experienced neonatal intensive care nurses. Final report, Klein Associates Inc., OH. Prepared under contract, 1, R43.
Dirkin, G. R. (1983). Cognitive tunneling: Use of visual information under stress. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56(1), 191–198.
Eagly, A. H., Chen, S., Chaiken, S., & Shaw-Barnes, K. (1999). The impact of attitudes on memory: An affair to remember. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 64.
Endsley, M. R., & Garland, D. J. (Hrsg.). (2000). Situation awareness analysis and measurement. CRC Press.
Engel, R. S., Corsaro, N., Isaza, G. T., & McManus, H. D. (2020). Examining the impact of Integrating Communications, Assessment, and Tactics (ICAT) de-escalation training for the Louisville Metro Police Department: Initial findings. International Association of Chiefs of Police. https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/Research%20Center/LMPD_ICAT%20Evaluation%20Initial%20Findings%20Report_FINAL%2009212020.pdf.
Epstein, S. (2010). Demystifying Intuition: What It Is, What It Does, and How It Does It. Psychological Inquiry, 21(4), 295–312.
Evers, D. (2022). 12 Career Tips for Cops. https://Calibrepress.com. https://calibrepress.com/2022/01/12-career-tips-for-cops/.
Fougnie, D., & Marois, R. (2007). Executive working memory load induces inattentional blindness. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(1), 142–147.
Scheuplein, I. (2022). Frankfurt plant neue Modellprojekte gegen das Drogen-Elend. https://hessenschau.de. https://www.hessenschau.de/gesellschaft/frankfurt-plant-neue-modellprojekte-gegen-das-drogen-elend,drogenpolitik-frankfurt-100.html.
Friedman, R. A., & Currall, S. C. (2003). Conflict escalation: Dispute exacerbating elements of e-mail communication. Human Relations, 56(11), 1325–1347.
Frost, P., Casey, B., Griffin, K., Raymundo, L., Farrell, C., & Carrigan, R. (2015). The influence of confirmation bias on memory and source monitoring. The Journal of General Psychology, 142(4), 238–252.
Gigerenzer, G. (2011). The science of heuristics: Decision-making in an uncertain world. In Thus spake evolutionary psychologists (S. 184–187). Peking University Press.
Gilmartin, K. M. (2002). Emotional survival for law enforcement: A guide for officers and their families.
Hart, W., Albarracín, D., Eagly, A. H., Brechan, I., Lindberg, M. J., & Merrill, L. (2009). Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 555.
Hintzman, D. L. (1976). Repetition and memory. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 10, 47–91.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Macmillan.
Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64(6), 515.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 430–454.
Kiderman, A., Gur, I., Bdolah-Abram, T., & Brezis, M. (2013). in primary care: Evidence of action bias. The Journal of Family Practice, 62(8).
Klein, G. A. (1993). A recognition-primed decision (RPD) model of rapid decision making. Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods, 5(4), 138–147.
Klein, G. (2015). A naturalistic decision making perspective on studying intuitive decision making. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(3), 164–168.
Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2017). The experiential educator: Principles and practices of experiential learning. Lightning Source Incorporated.
Larrick, R. P. (2004). Debiasing. In Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making (S. 316–338).
Liebermann, D. G., Katz, L., Hughes, M. D., Bartlett, R. M., McClements, J., & Franks, I. M. (2002). Advances in the application of information technology to sport performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(10), 755–769.
Lipshitz, R., Klein, G., Orasanu, J., & Salas, E. (2001). Taking stock of naturalistic decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 14(5), 331–352.
Meadows, D. H. (1999). Leverage points: Places to intervene in a system. The Sustainability Institute.
Modgil, S., Singh, R.K., Gupta, S. et al. A Confirmation Bias View on Social Media Induced Polarisation During Covid-19. Inf Syst Front (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10222-9
Morewedge, C. K., & Kahneman, D. (2010). Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(10), 435–440.
Morewedge, C. K., Yoon, H., Scopelliti, I., Symborski, C. W., Korris, J. H., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Debiasing decisions: Improved decision making with a single training intervention. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 129–140.
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220.
Opotow, S. (2005). Hate, conflict, and moral exclusion. In R. J. Sternberg (Hrsg.), The psychology of hate (S. 121–153). American Psychological Association
Phelps, E. A. (2004). Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14(2), 198–202.
Prat-Ortega, G., & de la Rocha, J. (2018). Selective Attention: A Plausible Mechanism Underlying Confirmation Bias. Current Biology, 28(19), R1151–R1154.
Rahr, S., & Rice, S. K. (2015). From warriors to guardians: Recommitting American police culture to democratic ideals. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
Rubin, J.Z., Pruitt, D.G., & Kim, S.H. (1994). Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate, and settlement. McGraw-Hill.
Röttger, S., Theobald, D. A., Abendroth, J., & Jacobsen, T. (2021). The effectiveness of combat tactical breathing as compared with prolonged exhalation. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 46(1), 19–28.
Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195
Simon, H. A. (1992). What is an “Explanation” of Behavior? Psychological Science, 3(3), 150–161.
Smith, M. R. (2022). Reimagining the Use of Force by Police in a Post-Floyd Nation. Police Quarterly, 25(2), 228–251.
Snyder, M., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (1978). Behavioral confirmation in social interaction: From social perception to social reality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14(2), 148–162.
Soll, J. B., Milkman, K. L., & Payne, J. W. (2015). A User’s Guide to Debiasing. In G. Keren & G. Wu (Hrsg.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (S. 924–951). Wiley.
Staller, M. S., & Koerner, S. (2022). „Auf den Krieg vorbereiten, wenn du Frieden willst“ – eine Analyse des polizeilichen Gefahrennarrativs. Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie, 16(3), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11757-022-00728-6
Staller, M. S., Zaiser, B., & Koerner, S. (2022). The problem of entanglement: Biases and fallacies in police conflict management. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 24(2), 113–123.
Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 42.
Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2021). Nudge. Yale University Press.
Thordsen, M. L., Klein, G. A., & Wolf, S. (1990). Observing team coordination within Army rotary-wing aircraft crews (Final Technical Report). Klein Associates Inc. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA252234.pdf (prepared under contract MDA903-87-C-0523 for the U.S. Army Research Institute, Aviation Research and Development Activity, Ft. Rucker, AL).
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases: Biases in judgments reveal some heuristics of thinking under uncertainty. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.
Tyng, C. M., Amin, H. U., Saad, M. N., & Malik, A. S. (2017). The influences of emotion on learning and memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1454.
Vaughn, L. A. (1999). Effects of uncertainty on use of the availability of heuristic for self-efficacy judgments. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29(2–3), 407–410.
Vedejová, D., & Čavojová, V. (2021). Confirmation bias in information search, interpretation, and memory recall: Evidence from reasoning about four controversial topics. Thinking & Reasoning, 1–28.
Vecchi, G. M., Wong, G. K., Wong, P. W., & Markey, M. A. (2019). Negotiating in the skies of Hong Kong: The efficacy of the Behavioral Influence Stairway Model (BISM) in suicidal crisis situations. Aggression and violent behavior, 48, 230–239.
Violanti, J. M., Charles, L. E., & McCaniels, E. (2017). Police stressors and health: A state-of-the-art review. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 40(4).
Xue, G., Dong, Q., Chen, C., Lu, Z., Mumford, J. A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2010). Greater neural pattern similarity across repetitions is associated with better memory. Science, 330(6000), 97–101.
Zaiser, B., & Staller, M. S. (2015). The Word is Sometimes Mightier Than the Sword: Rethinking Communication Skills to Enhance Officer Safety. Journal of Law Enforcement, 4(5).
Zaiser, B., Staller, M. S., & Koerner, S. (2022). De-eskalation: Polizeiliche Kommunikationsfähigkeit und Konfliktreduzierende Handlungskompetenz. In M. Staller, & S. Koerner (Hrsg.), Handbuch polizeiliches Einsatztraining. Springer.
Zsambok, C. E., & Klein, G. (Hrsg.). (2014). Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Der/die Autor(en), exklusiv lizenziert an Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zaiser, B., Staller, M.S., Koerner, S. (2023). Psychologische Grundlagen des Urteilens und Entscheidens im Bürgerkontakt. In: S. Staller, M., Zaiser, B., Koerner, S. (eds) Handbuch Polizeipsychologie. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-40118-4_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-40118-4_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden
Print ISBN: 978-3-658-40117-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-658-40118-4
eBook Packages: Business and Economics (German Language)