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Die Greater Mekong Subregion: Eine wirtschafts- und sicherheitspolitische Erfolgsgeschichte mit Defiziten

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Asiatischer Regionalismus im 21. Jahrhundert

Zusammenfassung

Die Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), eine regionale Organisation in Südostasien, wird angesichts einer Vielzahl anderer multilateralen Foren in Asien immer wieder vor der Frage ihrer Daseinsberechtigung stehen. Dieses Kapitel stellt daher anhand der institutionellen Entwicklung und einer Analyse des bisher Erreichten dar, wie im Konzert der Großen zwischen ASEAN und ASEAN + 3 die GMS einen nachhaltigen Beitrag zur Entwicklung und Stabilität der Region leistet. Zum einen fördert die GMS die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung vor allem einiger der ärmeren ASEAN-Mitgliedstaaten, zum anderen schafft sie die Basis für einen höheren Grad an politischer Kooperation zwischen den teilnehmenden Ländern. Die Analyse bedient sich dabei einer Weiterentwicklung des Konzepts der Sicherheitsgemeinschaft von Karl W. Deutsch. In fünf Abschnitten nähern sich die Ausführungen der Frage an, ob die GMS für sich in Anspruch nehmen kann, eine Gemeinschaft zu bilden. Aufbauend auf der Diskussion der institutionellen Evolution der GMS werden der wirtschaftliche Erfolg des Kooperationsmechanismus sowie dessen Beitrag zur Sicherheit in der Mekong-Region erörtert.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Baldwin (2007).

  2. 2.

    Yunnan und Guangxi.

  3. 3.

    Taillard (2014, S. 23).

  4. 4.

    Yong (1988).

  5. 5.

    D. Tan (2014, S. 388–389).

  6. 6.

    Rosario (2014, S. 140).

  7. 7.

    SarDesai (2013, S. 327 und S. 394–397).

  8. 8.

    Than (2005, S. 38).

  9. 9.

    Rosario (2014, S. 140–46).

  10. 10.

    Taillard (2010, S. 198); Rosario (2014, S. 147–48).

  11. 11.

    Cheng (2013, S. 320); Masviriyakul (2004, S. 304); Nguyen (2016, S. 161–62); Ishida and Isono (2012, S. 10).

  12. 12.

    Nguyen (2016, S. 160).

  13. 13.

    Im Englischen: flagship programs.

  14. 14.

    Nguyen (2016, S. 161); ADB (2012b, S. 6).

  15. 15.

    Im Englischen Original: Three Cs: connectivity, competitiveness and community.

  16. 16.

    Juli 2005 (Kunming, China), März 2008 (Vientiane, Laos), Dezember 2011 (Nay Pyi Daw, Myanmar), Dezember 2014 (Bangkok, Thailand) & März 2018 (Hanoi, Vietnam) (Soong (2016, S. 448); ADB (2014b, S. 8, 2018).

  17. 17.

    Soong (2016, S. 448); ADB (2011c, S. 3, 2011b).

  18. 18.

    D. Tan (2014, S. 394); ADB (2011a); GMS Secretariat (2014a); ADB (2013).

  19. 19.

    Nguyen (2016, S. 161).

  20. 20.

    Taillard (2014, S. 23).

  21. 21.

    Interview des Autors am 2. Juni 2014 mit einem Repräsentanten der örtlichen ADB Vertretung in Phnom Penh, Kambodscha.

  22. 22.

    ADB (2014a).

  23. 23.

    Deutsch: Vereinbarung über den grenzüberschreitenden Handel. GMS Secretariat (2014b, S. 3).

  24. 24.

    Stone, Strutt, und Hertel (2010, S. 17–18).

  25. 25.

    Deutsch: Zollabfertigungs- und Transitsystem.

  26. 26.

    Grimble und Linington (2012, S. 80).

  27. 27.

    Ebd. S. 77.

  28. 28.

    Ebd. S. 94.

  29. 29.

    ADB 2016.

  30. 30.

    GMS Secretariat 2015.

  31. 31.

    Banomyong 2014, S. 100.

  32. 32.

    Deutsch: Index der Logistikleistungsfähigkeit.

  33. 33.

    Für eine detaillierte Diskussion der Ergebnisse von Banomyong (2007, 2008), siehe Krahl (2017, 127–129).

  34. 34.

    Capanelli et al. (2009); Krahl (2017, S. 94 und S. 103–108).

  35. 35.

    2017, S. 104–106.

  36. 36.

    Krahl (2017, S. 104–106).

  37. 37.

    ASEAN, ASEAN + 3, BIMSTEC, EU15, EU28, Integrated Asia (ASEAN + 3 mit Hong Kong, Indien und Taiwan) und NAFTA.

  38. 38.

    Krahl (2017, S. 106–108).

  39. 39.

    UNDP (1994, S. 25–32).

  40. 40.

    Krahl (2017, S. 134–136).

  41. 41.

    Für die Klassifizierung siehe, 3.11, UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset Codebook (UCDP und PRIO 2016, S. 8).

  42. 42.

    Wagener (2011, S. 31–32).

  43. 43.

    63 der 85 der lokalen Konflikte fanden oder finden noch auf dem Territorium von Myanmar statt.

  44. 44.

    Dies ist für Myanmar nur bedingt gegeben.

  45. 45.

    Hartfiel und Job (2007); Hashim (2016); C. Tan (2013); The Economist (2012); Pilling (2014); Bitzinger (2010); Huxley (2011); Le Mière (2014).

  46. 46.

    Bitzinger (2010, S. 59–60).

  47. 47.

    Im englischen Original: arms dynamic.

  48. 48.

    Bitzinger (2010, S. 16).

  49. 49.

    Krahl (2017, S. 147–154).

  50. 50.

    Chin (2009, S. 117); Finckenauer und Chin (2006, S. 27); Windle (2012, S. 429); Bonanno (2012, S. 99 und 101); Kneebone und Debeljak (2010, S. 138); Jayagupta (2009, S. 235); Sauterey (2008, S. 10).

  51. 51.

    R. Cronin (2009, S. 153); R. P. Cronin (2011, S. 159).

  52. 52.

    R. Cronin (2009, S. 149).

  53. 53.

    Vietnam trat diesem wenig später bei.

  54. 54.

    UNODC (2013c, S. 32).

  55. 55.

    UNODC (2013a, S. 4; 2009, S. 6).

  56. 56.

    UNODC (2009, S. 5; 2013b, S. 20).

  57. 57.

    Liu, Somboon, und Middleton (2016, S. 229).

  58. 58.

    Krahl (2017, S. 159–161).

  59. 59.

    Shih (2013, S. 128); UNODC (2011, S. 3); UNODC (2009, S. 9 und S. 11); Krahl (2017, S. 162).

  60. 60.

    Krahl (2017, S. 169–180); UN (2015).

  61. 61.

    NERI (2012, S. 193); Bonanno (2012, S. 99 und 101); Jayagupta (2009, S. 235); Kneebone and Debeljak (2010, S. 138); Sauterey (2008, S. 10); Bouapao (2013, S. 154).

  62. 62.

    Marks and Olsen (2015, S. 114); Molland (2012, S. 128–129).

  63. 63.

    Schutz der Arbeitsmigrantinnen und -migranten von und in der GMS vor Ausbeutung durch eine Zusammenarbeit der drei beteiligten Parteien.

  64. 64.

    GMS Secretariat (2013, S. 27); ILO (2017).

  65. 65.

    ILO (2017).

  66. 66.

    ILO und AusAID (2015, S. 2); MoLVT und ILO (2014).

  67. 67.

    ILO (2015, S. 2).

  68. 68.

    Summers (2008); Schmeier (2009); Dosch und Hensengerth (2005); Goh (2007); Dosch (2003).

  69. 69.

    Deutsch et al. (1957).

  70. 70.

    Koschut (2014, S. 522); Caporaso (1998, S. 2); Dosch (1996, S. 62).

  71. 71.

    ADB (2012a, S. 5).

  72. 72.

    Deutsch et al. (1957, S. 5); übersetzt aus dem Englischen, Hervorhebungen wie im Original. Im englischen Original:

    A SECURITY-COMMUNITY is a group of people which has become „integrated.“

    By INTEGRATION we mean the attainment, within a territory, of a „sense of community“ and of institutions and practices strong enough and widespread enough to assure, for a „long“ time, dependable expectations of „peaceful change“ among its population.

    By SENSE OF COMMUNITY we mean a belief on the part of individuals in a group that they have come to agreement on at least this one point that common social problems must and can be resolved by processes of „peaceful change.“

    By PEACEFUL CHANGE we meant the resolution of social problems, normally by institutionalized procedures, without resort to large-scale physical force.

  73. 73.

    Zu Deutsch: Dreisäulige Sicherheitsgemeinschaft  siehe Krahl (2017, S. 36–46).

  74. 74.

    Adler und Barnett (1998); Acharya (2009); Collins (2013).

  75. 75.

    Krahl (2017, S. 63–74).

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    Timotheus Krahl

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    Jörn Dosch

  2. Institut für Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Ludmila Lutz-Auras

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Krahl, T. (2020). Die Greater Mekong Subregion: Eine wirtschafts- und sicherheitspolitische Erfolgsgeschichte mit Defiziten. In: Dosch, J., Lutz-Auras, L. (eds) Asiatischer Regionalismus im 21. Jahrhundert. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20552-2_10

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