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Der Mensch und das Verhalten

Beitrag zu einer „Philosophie“ der Menschwerdung

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Oswald Spenglers Kulturmorphologie

Zusammenfassung

Mit dem Begriff Menschwerdung ist der lange evolutionäre Prozess gemeint, der den Menschen zu dem machte, was er heute ist: ein sozio-biologisches wie auch sozio-kulturelles Wesen – das Produkt einer langen Entwicklung, im Zuge derer sich der Mensch immer mehr von der Natur emanzipierte und trotzdem Teil dieser blieb. Dabei gibt es im Tierreich eine Reihe von Parallelen zu bestimmten „menschlichen Eigenheiten“, die belegen, wie „gewöhnlich“ der Mensch doch ist.

Mein spezieller Dank gilt Max Otte als Initiator und treibende Kraft hinter dem hier vorliegenden Konferenzband, der auf einen Kongress zurückgeht, der im September 2014 in Wöltingerode, Halle und Blankenburg eine Reihe von Wissenschaft lern zusammenführte, die hinsichtlich ihrer speziellen fachlichen Widmungen sonst wohl nie zu diesem pluridisziplinären Kreis zusammengefunden hätten. Neben dem Büro Otte gebührt mein Dank insbesondere Robert Rollinger und Sebastian Fink vom Institut für Alte Geschichte und Altorientalistik der Universität Innsbruck für die Organisation der Tagung und die Redaktion und geduldvolle Aufbereitung dieses Beitrags für die Publikation des vorliegenden Bandes. Darüber hinaus danke ich Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser für wertvolle Anmerkungen zu einer früheren Manuskriptfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag ist eng an Oswald Spenglers Werk „Der Mensch und die Technik“ angelehnt (1931; im Folgenden abgekürzt zitiert als MuT 1931). Auch Gliederung und Struktur dieses Beitrags folgen in Grundzügen Spenglers Werk. Dies erklärt die auf den ersten Blick etwas eigentümlich anmutende Gliederung des Beitrags. Dabei kann der Begriff der Technik, so wie ihn Spengler verwendet, an vielen Stellen gegen den des Verhaltens ausgewechselt werden (s. Anm. 9). Vorliegender Beitrag versucht daher, die Bedeutung der Entwicklung von Hand, Denken und Sprache, die zentrale Punkte des Spengler’schen Werkes darstellen, im Kontext unserer Menschwerdung und Verhaltensevolution herauszuarbeiten. Es wird sich dabei zeigen, dass viele Aspekte des Menschlichen und unserer menschlichen „Eigenheiten“ in gegenseitigen Abhängigkeiten co-evolvierten – das Eine also das Andere bedingt und kaum von diesem zu trennen ist. Insofern behält Spengler Recht, wenn er behauptet: „Seitdem Menschen auft auchen, ist der Mensch so, wie er heute ist“ (MuT 1931: 27). Doch wirft gerade die lange zeitliche Perspektive, die wir heute überschauen, ein anderes Licht auf die Evolution des Menschen und seines Verhaltens.

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Jöris, O. (2018). Der Mensch und das Verhalten. In: Fink, S., Rollinger, R. (eds) Oswald Spenglers Kulturmorphologie. Universal- und kulturhistorische Studien. Studies in Universal and Cultural History. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-14041-0_2

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