Abstract
Gilberto Calcagnotto examines the conflict between economic policy, agricultural policy and land reform. Especially in the agricultural sector, the changes in the last 30 years have been dramatic and this is clearly reflected in the growth of the agricultural industry (agribusiness). Landownership was characterized by a strong concentration in all the development stages, which, in turn, led to serious social problems such as migration and urban unemployment. The rural social movements opposed the concentration trends more or less successfully. But, although the agricultural strategy of the PT lead administrations during the last years allowed the coexistence of agribusiness and small scale farming, it was not able to enforce a qualitatively improved land reform. Demands of a long overdue land reform have not been met as it did not tackle the existing concentration of large private estates.
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Notes
- 1.
Soy beans, soy oil and cake, orange juice, sugar, cocoa beans and derivatives, coffee beans and instant coffee, as well as beef, pork and poultry (Helfand, 2003: 48).
- 2.
According to numbers from the Brazilian ministry for industry and trade (in OECD, 2005: 62).
- 3.
Figures from the National Development Bank BNDES 2006. In: “Sobe parcela do país na exportação mundial”. Folha online, 25/01/2007. In: http://www1.folha.uol.com.br
- 4.
According to calculations from Gasques, Bastos and Bacchi (cited in OECD, 2005: 49).
- 5.
- 6.
Brazilian Office for Statistics IBGE: Census from 1980, 1985 and 1995 (OECD, 2005: 52).
- 7.
The OECD calculates its data on the basis of the Atlas of Human Development; thereby the line of poverty and the line of extreme poverty correspond to half and a quarter of the minimum wage valid in Brazil in August 2000 which were R$151.00 or about US$1.33 a day (OECD, 2005: 192). Another definition of poverty and extreme poverty is that of the Brazilian Federal Statistics Agency (IBGE) and of Ricardo Paes de Barros, which includes as limit for extreme poverty half of the monthly minimum wage, i.e. R$68.00 while the limit for poverty is the minimum wage at the level of R$136.00 in constant values from 1999 (Barros, 2003).
- 8.
Since the census disregards non-monetary income, it is to be expected that non-monetary income is underestimated in the lower income strata as well as an overestimation of the decline in monetary incomes according to the OECD (OECD, 2005: 192).
- 9.
“Dilma diz que reforma agrária brasileira põe o país na ‘vanguarda’ da democratização da terra”. In: http://www.canalrural.com.br/
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Calcagnotto, G. (2016). Economic Policy, Agricultural Policy, and Land Reform in Conflict. In: de la Fontaine, D., Stehnken, T. (eds) The Political System of Brazil. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40023-0_17
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