Abstract
Printed signals are well-documented aids to reading and memory for expository text. Despite their usefulness, many TTS applications fail to adequately communicate signaling. A theoretical framework called “SARA” provides an analysis of printed signals that identifies what specific information should be rendered in order to preserve the signaling function. Further, SARA identifies two important criteria – the availability criterion and the accessibility criterion – that should help guide the evaluation of alternative auditory renderings of signals.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Fellbaum, K., Kouroupetroglou, G.: Principles of electronic speech processing with applications for people with disabilities. Technology and Disability 20, 55–85 (2008)
Schröder, M.: Expressive speech synthesis: Past, present and possible futures. In: Tao, J., Tan, T. (eds.) Affective Information Processing, pp. 111–126. Springer, London (2009)
Spiliotopoulos, D., Xydas, G., Kouroupetroglou, G., Argyropoulos, V.: Experimentation on spoken format of tables in auditory user interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII 2005), pp. 361–370 (2005)
Spiliotopoulos, D., Xydas, G., Kouroupetroglou, G., Argyropoulos, V., Ikospentaki, K.: Auditory universal accessibility of data tables using naturally derived prosody specification. Universal Access in the Information Society 9, 169–183 (2010)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Chen, H.-T., Lemarié, J.: Communicating headings and preview sentences in text and speech. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 18(3), 265–276 (2012)
Meyer, B.J.F.: The organization of prose and its effects on memory. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1975)
Lorch Jr., R.F.: Text signaling devices and their effects on reading and memory processes. Educational Psychology Review 1, 209–234 (1989)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Lorch, E.P., Klusewitz, M.A.: Effects of typographical cues on reading and recall of text. Contemporary Educational Psychology 20, 51–64 (1995)
Crouse, J.H., Idstein, P.: Effects of encoding cues on prose learning. Journal of Educational Psychology 63, 309–313 (1972)
Fowler, R., Barker, A.: Effectiveness of highlighting for retention of text material. Journal of Applied Psychology 59, 358–364 (1974)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Chen, A.H.: Effects of number signals on reading and recall. Journal of Educational Psychology 78, 263–270 (1986)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Lorch, E.P., Matthews, P.D.: On-line processing of the topic structure of a text. Journal of Memory and Language 24, 350–362 (1985)
Murray, J.D., McGlone, C.: Topic overviews and processing of topic structure. Journal of Educational Psychology 89, 251–261 (1997)
Glynn, S.M., DiVesta, F.J.: Outline and hierarchical organization for study and retrieval. Journal of Educational Psychology 69, 69–95 (1997)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Lorch, E.P.: Topic structure representation and text recall. Journal of Educational Psychology 77, 137–148 (1985)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Lorch, E.P.: Effects of organizational signals on text processing strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology 87, 537–544 (1995)
Glover, J.A., Dinnel, D.L., Halpain, D.R., McKee, T.K., Corkill, A.J., Wise, S.L.: The effects of across-chapter signals on recall of text. Journal of Educational Psychology 80, 3–15 (1988)
Cauchard, F., Eyrolle, H., Cellier, J.-M., Hyönä, J.: Vertical perceptual span and the processing of visual signals in reading. International Journal of Psychology 45, 40–47 (2010)
Cauchard, F., Eyrolle, H., Cellier, J.-M., Hyönä, J.: Visual signals vertically extend the perceptual span in searching a text: A gaze-contingent window study. Discourse Processes 47, 617–640 (2010)
Klusewitz, M.A., Lorch Jr., R.F.: Effects of headings and familiarity with a text on strategies for searching a text. Memory & Cognition 28, 667–676 (2000)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Lemarié, J., Grant, R.A.: Signaling hierarchical and sequential organization in expository text. Scientific Studies of Reading 15, 267–284 (2011)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Lemarié, J., Grant, R.A.: Three information functions of headings: A test of the SARA theory of signaling. Discourse Processes 48, 139–160 (2011)
Hyönä, J., Lorch Jr., R.F.: Effects of topic headings on text processing: Evidence from adult readers’ eye fixation patterns. Learning and Instruction 14, 131–152 (2004)
Hyönä, J., Lorch Jr., R.F., Kaakinen, J.: Individual differences in reading to summarize expository text: Evidence from eye fixation patterns. Journal of Educational Psychology 94, 44–55 (2002)
Sanchez, R.P., Lorch, E.P., Lorch Jr., R.F.: Effects of headings on text processing strategies. Contemporary Educational Psychology 26, 418–428 (2001)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Lorch, E.P.: Effects of organizational signals on free recall of expository text. Journal of Educational Psychology 88, 38–48 (1996)
Mayer, R.E., Dyck, J.L., Cook, L.K.: Techniques that help readers build mental models from scientific text: Definitions pretraining and signaling. Journal of Educational Psychology 76, 1089–1105 (1984)
Lorch Jr., R.F., Lorch, E.P., Inman, W.E.: Effects of signaling topic structure on text recall. Journal of Educational Psychology 85, 281–290 (1993)
Surber, J.R., Schroeder, M.: Effect of prior domain knowledge and headings on processing of informative text. Contemporary Educational Psychology 32, 485–498 (2007)
Dee-Lucas, D., Larkin, J.H.: Novice strategies for processing scientific texts. Discourse Processes 9, 329–354 (1986)
Dee-Lucas, D., Larkin, J.H.: Novice rules for assessing importance in science texts. Journal of Memory and Language 27, 288–308 (1988)
Meyer, B.J.F., Brandt, D.M., Bluth, G.J.: Use of top-level structure in text: Key for reading comprehension of ninth grade students. Reading Research Quarterly 16, 72–103 (1980)
Lemarié, J., Lorch, R.F., Eyrolle, H., Virbel, J.: SARA: A Text-Based and Reader-Based Theory of Text Signaling. Educational Psychologist 43(1), 27–48 (2008)
Lemarié, J., Eyrolle, H., Cellier, J.-M.: Visual signals in text comprehension: How to restore them when oralizing a text via speech synthesis. Computers in Human Behavior 22, 1096–1115 (2006)
Maurel, F.: De l’écrit à l’oral: analyses et générations. In: Actes de la 11ème Conférence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN 2004), Fès, Maroc, pp. 289–298 (Avril 2004)
Maurel, F., Lemarié, J., Vigouroux, N.: Oralisation de structures visuelles: de la lexico-syntaxe à la prosodie. In: Actes du colloque national Interface Prosodique (IP 2003), Nantes, France, Mars 27-29, pp. 137–142 (2003)
Tsonos, D., Xydas, G., Kouroupetroglou, G.: Auditory accessibility of metadata in books: A design for all approach. In: Stephanidis, C. (ed.) HCI 2007. LNCS, vol. 4556, pp. 436–445. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
McGookin, D.K., Brewster, S.A.: Understanding concurrent earcons: Applying auditory scene analysis principles to concurrent earcon recognition. ACM Transactions on Applied Perceptions 1, 130–155 (2004)
Giraud, S., Thérouanne, P.: Role of lexico-syntactic and prosodic cues in spoken comprehension of enumeration in sighted and blind adults. Presented at Multidisciplinary Approaches to Discourse, Moissac, France (2010)
Giraud, S., Uzan, G., Thérouanne, P.: L’accessibilité des interfaces informatiques pour les déficients visuels. In: Dinet, J., Bastien, C. (eds.) L’ergonomie Des Objets et Environnements Physiques et Numériques, Hermes - Sciences Lavoisier, Paris (2011)
Argyropoulos, V.S., Sideridis, G.D., Kouroupetroglou, G., Xydas, G.: Auditory discriminations of typographic attributes of documents by students with blindness. British Journal of Visual Impairment 27, 183–203 (2009)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Lorch, R.F., Lemarié, J. (2013). Improving Communication of Visual Signals by Text-to-Speech Software. In: Stephanidis, C., Antona, M. (eds) Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Applications and Services for Quality of Life. UAHCI 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8011. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39194-1_43
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39194-1_43
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-39193-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-39194-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)