Abstract
The family Paenibacillaceae has been created on the basis of the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. It embraces the species-rich type genera Paenibacillus, Ammoniphilus, Aneurinibacillus, Brevibacillus, Cohnella, Oxalophagus, and Thermobacillus and the recently described genera Fontibacillus and Saccharibacillus. Oval to ellipsoid spores are formed, most species are Gram staining positive, and some stain Gram negative. Other characteristics of taxonomic values are varying such as motility, relationship to oxygen, and catalase formation. The major menaquinone is either MK-7 or MK-6; anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and C16:0 are the major fatty acids; and the mol% G+C ranges between 36 and 59. Members of the family are frequently isolated from various soil habitats, compost, and various plant materials but also from freshwater, blood, and feces. The biology of the genus Cohnella is described here in greater detail.
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Keywords
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Taxonomy
Most genera of the family Paenibacillus (De Vos et al. 2009a) has been extensively covered in the 2nd edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (De Vos et al. 2009b). Since then, many new species and two new genera (Fontibacillus, Saccharibacillus) were described. The chapter on Paenibacillus covered descriptions of 73 species and additional 13 species, published after submission deadline of the handbook, and was briefly characterized. Since then, 57 additional species (Table 21.1) were described as new members of Paenibacillus, which indicates the ease at which new organisms are isolated from environmental samples. Five new Brevibacillus species as well as two species of Saccharibacillus and one new species of each Fontibacillus and Thermobacillus were published since then (Table 21.1). The genus Cohnella is dealt with in a separate chapter.
As mentioned by De Vos et al. (2009a), the family comprises two lineages. The two newly described genera Saccharibacillus and Fontibacillus group with Cohnella and Paenibacillus, while the other genera cluster distantly to members of Brevibacillus. Thermobacillus does not appear as the most deeply branching lineage (Touzel and Prensier 2009) but as a rapidly evolving lineage within the genus Paenibacillus (Fig. 21.2b). The two species of Fontibacillus are remotely related to each other, clustering with different Paenibacillus species (Fig. 21.2a).
Several genome sequences of family members have been completed (published or unpublished according to the Genomes Online Database (http://www.genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/index.cgi?page_requested=Complete+Genome+Projects) such as Alicyclobacillus (e.g., strains DSM 446T, DSM 13609T, DSM 22757T), Aneurinibacillus terranovensis (DSM 18919T), Brevibacillus (e.g., strains NBRC 100599, DSM 25T, phRT), Cohnella (e.g., strains DSM 21336T, DSM 17683T), various Paenibacillus species (e.g., strains DSM 5050T, DSM 29T, DSM 18201T, YK9T, DSM 15491T, 3016), Saccharibacillus kuerlensis (DSM 22868T), and Thermobacillus composti (DSM 18247T)..
The Genus Cohnella
The genus Cohnella was proposed as a member of the family Paenibacillaceae, distinguished from the genera Paenibacillus and Bacillus on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and chemotaxonomic markers (Kämpfer et al. 2006). Members of the genus Cohnella are Gram-positive, endospore-forming, aerobic, rod-shaped organisms which are distributed in a wide variety of environments, including volcanic pond, industrial samples, and root nodules. The 19 species of the genus Cohnella possess a DNA mol% G+C between 47.6 and 65.1 mol% and contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone; diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids; and straight-chain saturated (C16:0) and iso (iso-C16:0) and anteiso (anteiso-C15:0) branched fatty acids as the major fatty acids.
Taxonomy, Historical and Current
The genus Cohnella was first proposed by Kämpfer et al. (2006) and later emended by García-Fraile et al. (2008) and Khianngam et al. (2010a). The genus Cohnella comprises Gram-positive or Gram-negative, nonmotile or motile strains, most of which are thermotolerant, and aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. The taxonomic status of the genus Cohnella began with a detailed study on the molecular and chemical composition analysis of the type species of the genus Bacillus and Paenibacillus (Kämpfer et al. 2006). The type species of the genus Cohnella, Cohnella thermotolerans, was clearly moderately related only to species of the genus Paenibacillus at 94.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity level. Further comparative analysis of chemotaxonomic markers, specifically fatty acids (presence of large amounts of iso-C16:0) and the polar lipid composition, indicated that members of the genus Paenibacillus were different from the type species of Cohnella (presence of lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol, unknown phospholipids, and aminophospholipids). At present, the number of validly published species within Cohnella is nineteen, isolated from different ecological niches.
Molecular Analyses
Molecular intraspecies similarities were determined for most species by comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence (Weisburg et al. 1991; Rivas et al. 2002; Lane 1991) (Fig. 21.1). The species showing higher than 98 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were defined by DNA-DNA hybridization [DDH] (Ezaki et al. 1989), whereas the strains which showed less than 98 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities among other type strains of the genus were not included in DDH (Stackebrandt and Ebers 2006). So far none of the type strains of the genus Cohnella were analyzed for MALDI-TOF or ribotyping. Whole genome sequences are available for C. laeviribosi DSM 21336T (Gi11322) and C. thermotolerans DSM 17683T (Gi11323).
Maximum likelihood genealogy reconstruction based on the RAxML algorithm (Stamatakis 2006) of the sequences of all members of the family Paenibacillaceae present in the LTP_106 (Yarza et al. 2010). Representative sequences from close relative genera were used to stabilize the tree topology. In addition, a 40 % maximum frequency filter was applied to remove hypervariable positions from the alignment. Scale bar indicates estimated sequence divergence
(a, b) Maximum likelihood genealogy reconstruction based on the RAxML algorithm (Stamatakis 2006) of the sequences of members of the genera Paenibacillus, Fontibacillus, and Thermobacillus present in the LTP_106 (Yarza et al. 2010). Representative sequences from close relative genera were used to stabilize the tree topology. In addition, a 40 % maximum frequency filter was applied to remove hypervariable positions from the alignment. Scale bar indicates estimated sequence divergence
Phenotypic Analyses
Cohnella (Coh.nel'la. N. L. fem. dim. n. Cohnella named after Ferdinand Cohn, the German microbiologist who first described the bacterial genus Bacillus in 1872).
At present, the genus Cohnella contains 19 species. The cells are Gram positive or negative, endospore forming, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile or nonmotile, and rod shaped, and most of the species are thermotolerant. Good growth occurs at 25–30 °C; some species grow at 10 or 60 °C and grow in the presence of 3 % NaCl. Species possess a DNA mol% G+C between 47.6 and 65.1 mol% and contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan; the predominant menaquinone is MK-7, and the major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol; several unknown phospholipids, unknown aminophospholipids and unknown glycolipids also present; straight-chain saturated (C16:0) as well as iso-C16:0 and anteiso branched fatty acids. Tables 21.2 and 21.3 show differences in phenotype and fatty acid profiles, respectively, between the type strains of the genus Cohnella.
The species description concentrates on salient, mainly morphological, cultural, and chemotaxonomic features, omitting genus-specific properties, and the reader is referred to the original species description Cohnella in order to obtain a more complete picture of properties.
Cohnella arctica (arc′ti.ca. L. fem. adj. arctica, northern, from the Arctic, referring to the site where the type strain was isolated).
Cells are aerobic, Gram reaction negative, rod shaped (0.2–0.3 × 1.3–2.3 μm), and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Oval subterminal spores are formed. Growth occurs on R2A agar, 0.3 × R2A agar, and NA and 0.3 × MB agar, but not on MacConkey agar and TSB agar. Colonies grown on 0.3 × MB agar are orange, circular, convex, and smooth. Growth occurs between 4 and 30 °C with an optimum at 25 °C. The pH range for growth is pH 5.0–8.0, with an optimum growth at pH 6.0–7.0. Growth occurs in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl, but no growth occurred in the presence of 1.0 % (w/v) NaCl or higher. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 50.3 mol%.
The type strain M9-62T was isolated from a tundra soil near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Islands, Norway.
Cohnella boryungensis (bo.ryung.en’sis. N.L. Fem. adj. boryungensis pertaining to Boryung, from where the type strain was isolated).
Cells are aerobic, Gram staining positive, and rods (0.3–0.5 × 1.0–3.5 μm). Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Central ellipsoidal endospores are observed in swollen sporangia. Colonies on TSA are circular to slightly irregular, slightly convex, smooth, glistening, pale yellow in color, and 1.0–2.0 mm in diameter after incubation for 3 days at 30 °C. Growth occurs at 10 and 40 °C, but not at 4 and 45 °C. Optimal pH for growth is around 7.5. Growth occurs at pH 5.5 and 9.0, but not at pH 5.0 and 9.5. Growth occurs in the presence of 0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl with an optimum in the presence of 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Susceptible to carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin, neomycin, novobiocin, oleandomycin, polymyxin B, streptomycin, and tetracycline, but not to ampicillin and penicillin G. In addition to major polar lipids indicated in the genus description, two unidentified phospholipids and minor amounts of phosphatidylglycerol are present. The DNA G+C content is 54.9 mol% (determined by HPLC).
The type strain BR-29T was isolated from soil around a coast at Boryung, Korea.
Cohnella cellulosilytica (cel.lu.lo.si.ly'ti.ca. N.L. n. cellulosum, cellulose; N.L. adj. lyticus, able to loose, able to dissolve; N.L. fem. ddj. cellulosilytica cellulose dissolving).
Cells of strain FCN3-3T are Gram-positive, aerobic, and motile rods (0.3–0.4 × 1.4–2.8 μm). Central and subterminal ellipsoidal endospores are observed in swollen sporangia. Colonies are 0.1–0.45 mm in diameter, circular, raise, smooth, translucent, and white yellow colored after 2 days incubation on TSA agar medium. Grows in 3 % NaCl (weakly), at pH 7, 8 and 9 (optimally at pH 7) and at 15 and 30 °C (optimally at 30 °C). Does not grow in 5 % NaCl, at pH 5 and 6 and at 10 and 40 °C. The DNA G+C content is 58.0 mol%.
The type strain is FCN3-3T was isolated from buffalo feces.
Cohnella damensis (dam’ensis. N.L. masc. adj. dam’ensis. pertaining to Damu a village in Tibet, China, where the type strain was isolated).
Cells are Gram staining variable, rod shaped (0.5–0.7 × 1.5–2.5 μm), and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Colonies on tryptone soybean agar (TSA; Difco) are circular, flat, white cream, opaque, and usually 2–3 mm in diameter within 48 h at 28 °C. Growth occurs from 10 to 40 °C (optimal 28 °C) and from pH 5.5–7.5 (optimal 7.0). Cells grow in the presence of 1 % NaCl. In addition to major polar lipids indicated in the genus description, several unknown phospholipids, unknown aminophospholipids, and unknown glycolipids are present. DNA G+C content is 54.3 mol%.
The type strain 13-25T was isolated from Damu village in Tibet, China.
Cohnella ferri (fer'ri. L. gen. n. ferri, of iron).
Cells are facultative anaerobe, Gram-positive, and motile rods (0.3–0.6 × 0.8–2.4 μm). Ellipsoidal spores develop subterminally in the cells and sporangia are swollen. Colonies are circular, convex and smooth, and creamish yellow pigmented. Growth occurs within temperature range of 15–42 °C (optimum temperature 37 °C), pH 7.0–11.0 (optimum pH 8.0), and up to 2 % NaCl. The DNA G+C content is 59.3 %.
The type strain HIO-4T was isolated from a hematite ore sample collected from Barbil mining area, District Keonjhar, state of Odisha, India.
Cohnella fontinalis (fon.ti.na’lis. L. fem. adj. fontinalis of or from a fountain, referring to the isolation of the type strain from freshwater from a fountain).
Cells are Gram-positive, aerobic, and endospore-forming rods (0.5–0.7 × 1.5–6.5 μm). Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Colonies are irregular, translucent, cream-colored, and usually 1.0–1.5 mm in diameter within 48 h at 40 °C on TSA. Growth occurs at 25–55 °C (optimum 40 °C) and pH 5.5–8.5 (optimum pH 6.0–7.0). Growth occurs at NaCl concentrations of up to 2.0 % (w/v). The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 58.6 mol%.
The type strain YT-1101T was isolated from freshwater of a fountain in Japan.
Cohnella ginsengisoli (gin.sen.gi.so’li. N.L. n. ginsengum ginseng; L. n. solum soil; N.L. gen. n. ginsengisoli of the soil of a ginseng field, the source of the type strain).
Cells are motile, Gram-positive rods (1.6 × 3.0 μm) with ellipsoidal or oval spores positioned centrally or paracentrally in swollen sporangia. Growth occurs at 10–40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0–2 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 61.3 mol% (HPLC).
The type strain GR21-5T was isolated from ginseng soil in the Youngju region of the Republic of Korea.
Cohnella hongkongensis (hong.kong.en’sis. N.L. fem. adj. hongkongensis pertaining to Hong Kong).
Cells are aerobic nonmotile, sporulating, Gram-negative straight or slight curved rods. Growth occurs on horse blood agar, cells are nonhemolytic, and colonies are gray with 1 mm in diameter after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. No enhancement of growth in 5 % CO2. Colonies grew at 50 °C as pinpoint colonies after 72 h of incubation. No growth at 65 °C or on MacConkey agar. The DNA G+C content is 60.9 mol%.
The type strain is HKU3T was isolated in a patient with neutropenic fever.
Cohnella laeviribosi (lae.vi.ri’bo.si. L. adj. laevus left, on the left side; N.L. n. ribosum ribose; N.L. gen. n. laeviribosi referring to L-ribose [isomerase], because the type strain exhibits L-ribose isomerization ability).
Aerobic, nonmotile, and Gram positive. Cells are rod shaped (about 0.5–0.7 × 2.0–7.0 μm). In old cultures, cells become shorter rods or spherical elements. Colonies are circular, flat, smooth, opaque, and white. No growth in the presence of 1 % (w/v) NaCl, with 0.001 % (w/v) lysozyme or under anaerobic conditions on TSA. Grows at 30–60 °C and at pH 5.5–8.0, with optimal growth at 45 °C and pH 6.5. Optimal growth occurs in the presence of 0.2–0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 51 mol%.
The type strain RI-39T isolated from Likupang, a volcanic area in Indonesia.
Cohnella luojiensis (lu.o.ji.en’sis. N.L. fem. adj. Luojiensis pertaining to Luojia hill, the site of the campus of Wuhan University, where the type strain was characterized).
Cells are strictly aerobic, Gram-positive-staining, rod shaped (0.4–0.6 × 1.2–3.5 μm), and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Oxidase and catalase positive. Oval subterminal spores are formed. Colonies on TSA are opaque, white, convex, and about 1 mm in diameter after growth at 30 °C for 48 h. Grows at 10–37 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0–1 % (w/v) NaCl. In addition to major polar lipids indicated in the genus description, two unknown phospholipids and three unknown aminophospholipids are also detected. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 49.6 mol%.
The type strain HY-22RT was isolated from a soil sample from Xinjiang, China.
Cohnella panacarvi (pa.na.car.vi. N.L. n. Panax-acis, scientific name of ginseng; arvum, a field; N.L. gen. n. panacarvi, of a ginseng field).
Cells are Gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile, spore-forming, and thin rod shaped (0.2–0.4 × 1.5–3.5 μm). Spores are oval, central, occurring in swollen sporangia. After two days on R2A, colonies are 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter, circular, convex, nonglossy, and white colored. Grows between 18 °C and 45 °C; the optimum temperature for growth is 30 °C. The bacterium grows within pH values of between 5.5 and 8.0; the optimum pH is 6.5–7.0. The strain tolerates 1 % (w/v) NaCl, but not 2 %. Growth occurs on TSA and nutrient agar but not on MacConkey agar. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 53.4 mol%.
The type strain Gsoil 349T was isolated from soil of a ginseng field of Pocheon Province, South Korea.
Cohnella phaseoli (pha.se.o'li. N.L. masc. n. Phaseolus botanical genus name; N.L. gen. n. phaseoli of Phaseolus, referring to the isolation source of the type strain, nodules of Phaseolus coccineus).
Aerobic, spore-forming rods (0.7 × 2.5 μm). Gram positive. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Round or ovoid spores are formed in slightly swollen sporangia, and they are in a central or subterminal position within cells. Colonies on YED are circular, flat, white cream, opaque, and usually 1–3 mm in diameter after 48 h growth at 28 °C. Growth occurs from 10 °C to 45 °C (optimal growth at 28 °C) and pH 6–8 (optimal pH 7). The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 60.3 mol%.
The type strain GSPC1T was isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus coccineus in Segovia (Spain).
Cohnella soli (so’li. L. gen. n. soli of the soil)
Cells are strictly aerobic, Gram positive, motile with peritrichous flagella, and rod shaped (0.6–0.7 × 1.8–3.5 μm). Ellipsoidal bulging positioned subterminal spores are formed. Growth on R2A and NA, but not on TSA, LB, or MacConkey agar. Colonies are white colored and circular. Growth occurs at temperatures in the range of 15–37 °C (optimum 30 °C) and pH 5.0–7.0 (optimum pH 7.0). Salt concentrations above 1.5 % are not tolerated. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 52.2 mol%.
The type strain YM2-7T was isolated from soil on Yeogi Mountain, Republic of Korea.
Cohnella suwonensis (su.won.en’sis. N.L. masc. adj. Suwonensis referring to Suwon region, Republic of Korea, where the type strain was first identified).
Cells are strictly aerobic, Gram positive, motile with peritrichous flagella, and rod shaped (0.6–0.7 × 2.0–4.9 μm). Ellipsoidal bulging positioned subterminal spores are formed. Growth occurs on R2A and NA, but not TSA, LB, or MacConkey agar. Colonies are white colored and circular. The strain grows at temperatures in the range of 10–35 °C (optimum 30 °C) and pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) but not above 1 % NaCl. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 55.6 mol%.
The type strain WD2-19T was isolated from field soil in the Republic of Korea.
Cohnella terrae (ter'rae. L. gen. n. terrae of the earth).
Cells are Gram reaction positive, rod shaped (0.3–0.5 × 1.5–4.0 μm), facultatively anaerobic, and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Central ellipsoidal endospores are observed in swollen sporangia. After 2 days of incubation on C agar medium, colonies are 1–3.5 mm in diameter, circular, flat, and white. Grows at pH 5–9, at 20–45 °C, and under anaerobic conditions. No growth in 3–5 % (w/v) NaCl or at 10, 15, 50, 55, or 60 °C. In addition to major polar lipids indicated in the genus description, unknown phospholipids and aminophospholipids are present. The genomic DNA G+C content of the type strain is 65.1 mol%.
The type strain is MX21-2T was isolated from a soil sample collected in Muang district, Nan province, Thailand.
Cohnella thailandensis (thai.lan.den'sis. N.L. fem. ddj. thailandensis pertaining to Thailand, where the type strain was isolated).
Cells of strain S1-3T are Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, motile rods (0.2–0.5 × 1.2–2.5 μm). Subterminal ellipsoidal endospores are observed in swollen sporangia. Colonies are 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter, circular, flat, and white after 2 days of incubation on C agar medium. Grows at pH 5 (weakly), pH 6–9 (optimally at 7), and 20–50 °C (optimally at 37 °C), in 3 % NaCl, and under anaerobic conditions. Does not grow in 5 % NaCl and at 10, 15, 55, and 60 °C. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 53.3 mol%.
The type strain is S1-3T isolated from a soil sample collected in Muang district, Nan province, Thailand.
Cohnella thermotolerans (ther.mo.tol'er.ans. Gr. n. therme heat; L. pres. part. tolerans tolerating; N.L. part. adj. thermotolerans able to tolerate high temperatures).
Cells are Gram positive, spore forming, aerobic, nonmotile, rod shaped, and thermotolerant. Good growth occurs after 24 h incubation on TS and nutrient agars at 25–30 °C; good growth also occurs at 55 °C. In addition to the major polar lipids given in the genus description, two unknown phospholipids and four unknown aminophospholipids are present. The DNA G+C content is 59 mol%.
The type strain CCUG 47242T was isolated from a sample of industrial starch production in Sweden.
Cohnella xylanilytica (xy.la.ni.ly'ti.ca. N.L. neut. n. xylanum xylan; N.L. fem. adj. lytica from Gr. masc. adj. lytikos able to loose, dissolving; N.L. fem. adj. xylanilytica xylan dissolving).
Cells are Gram reaction positive, rod shaped (0.3–0.5 × 1.4–3.5 μm), facultatively anaerobic, and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Central ellipsoidal endospores are observed in swollen sporangia. After 2 days of incubation on C agar medium, colonies are 1–3 mm in diameter, circular, flat, and white. Grows in 3 % (w/v) NaCl (weakly), at pH 6–9, at 20–45 °C, and at 50 °C (weakly) and under anaerobic conditions. Does not grow in 5 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 5, or at 10, 15, 55, or 60 °C. In addition to the major polar lipids given in the genus description, unknown phospholipids and aminophospholipids are present. The genomic DNA G+C content of the type strain is 63.0 mol%.
The type strain is MX15-2T was isolated from a soil sample collected in Muang district, Nan province, Thailand.
Cohnella yongneupensis (yong.neup.en'sis. N.L. fem. adj. yongneupensis pertaining to Yongneup, an upland wetland of the Republic of Korea, from where the type strain was isolated).
Cells are motile, Gram-positive rods (0.762.5–3.5 μm) with ellipsoidal or oval spores positioned centrally or paracentrally in swollen sporangia. Growth occurs at 10–40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4.0–9.0 (optimum pH 7.0), and in the presence of 0–1 % (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 58.8 mol% (HPLC).
The type strain 5YN10-14T was isolated from the Yongneup wetland in the Republic of Korea.
Ecology, Isolation, Enrichment, and Maintenance Procedures
The type species of the genus Cohnella, Cohnella thermotolerans, was isolated from a sample of industrial starch production by using blood agar. Most other type strains of the genus Cohnella were isolated from different ecological niches like soil samples using R2A agar (C. soli, C. suwonensis (Kim et al. 2011), C. yongneupensis, C. ginsengisoli (Kim et al. 2010b), C. laeviribosi (Cho et al. 2007), C. luojiensis (Cai et al. 2010), C. panacarvi (Yoon et al. 2007), and C. boryungensis (Yoon and Jung 2012); soil, marine broth, marine agar (C. arctica, Jiang et al. 2012; C. damensis, Luo et al. 2010a, b); soil, XC agar containing 10 g of oat spelt xylan, 5 g peptone, 1 g yeast extract, 4 g K2HPO4, 1 g MgSO47H2O, 0.2 g KCL, 0.02 g FeSO4 × 7H2O, 15 g agar, pH7.0 (C. xylanilytica and C. terrae Khianngam et al. 2010b; C. thailandensis, Khianngam et al. 2010a); water, tryptic soy agar (C. fontinalis, Shiratori et al. 2010); root nodules, modified yeast extract-mannitol agar (C. phaseoli, García-Fraile et al. 2008); and feces, CMC basal medium containing 5 g of carboxymethyl cellulose (Sigma), 1 g yeast extract (Difco), 1 g (NH4)2SO4, 15 g agar, pH 7.0 (C. cellulosilytica, Khianngam et al. 2012), and incubated at 28–30 °C for 1–5 days. All the type strains were available from any one of the culture collection centers where they are deposited and preserved in glycerol (10 % v/v) at −80 °C and, for long term, preserved in liquid nitrogen or as freeze-dried cultures.
Pathogenicity, Clinical Relevance
Since most of the type species were isolated from soil, none of the established type strains belonging to the genus Cohnella were related to pathogenicity or clinical relevance. Only the type strain C. hongkongensis isolated from a patient with neutropenic fever reported to produce pseudobacteremia (Teng et al. 2003) but was considered a contaminant as the cultures was obtained only from one of four parallel patient’s blood samples.
Application
The type strain C. laeviribosi (Cho et al. 2007) reported to be capable of assimilating and isomerizing L-ribose; C. cellulosilytica (Khianngam et al. 2012) reported for degradation of cellulose; and C. xylanilytica, C. terrae, and C. thailandensis reported for xylanase production (Khianngam et al. 2010a, b).
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Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Dr. Girish Sahni, Director, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology for the encouragement and Ms. Ishwinder Kaur and Ms. Chandandeep Kaur, Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Chandigarh, India, for their technical support. Financial assistance provided by DBT and CSIR, Government of India, is greatly acknowledged.
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Mayilraj, S., Stackebrandt, E. (2014). The Family Paenibacillaceae . In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30120-9_354
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