Abstract
Local anesthetics act by blocking the conduction of impulses along the neuronal membrane. Many types of chemical structures do so to some degree, including ethanol and barbiturates. However, those agents that are clinically useful as local anesthetics are more potent in this regard and are less toxic.
Similar content being viewed by others
References and Further Reading
Adriani J (1972) Etiology and management of adverse reactions to local anesthetics. Int Anesthesiol Clin 10:127–151
Atkinson WS (1934) Local anesthesia in ophthalmology. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2:399–451
Backer CL, Tinker JA, Robertson DM et al (1980) Myocardial reinfarction following local anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Anesth Analg 59:257–262
Barker MR, McAllen MK (1982) Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics: a direct challenge test with lignocaine for definitive diagnosis. BMJ 284:1229–1230
Barry M, Keeling PWN, Weir D et al (1990) Severity of cirrhosis and the relationship of a1-acid glycoprotein concentration to plasma protein binding of lidocaine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47:366–370
Baudouin C, Gastaud P (1994) Influence of topical anesthesia on tonometric values of intraocular pressure. Ophthalmologica 208:309–313
Bjornstrom L, Hansen A, Otland N et al (1994) Peribulbar anaesthesia – a clinical evaluation of two different anaesthetic mixtures. Acta Ophthalmol 72:712–714
Bloom JN, Levene RZ, Thomas G et al (1976) Fluorophotometry and the rate of aqueous flow in man. Arch Ophthalmol 94:435–443
Carel RS, Korczyn AD, Boyman R (1979) Amethocaine and intraocular pressure. Ophthalmic Res 11:212–215
Carruthers JDA, Sanmugasunderan S, Mills K et al (1995) The efficacy of topical corneal anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine eyedrops. Can J Ophthalmol 30:264–266
Chern KC, Meisler DM, Wilhelmus KR et al (1996) Corneal anesthetic abuse and Candida keratitis. Ophthalmology 103:37–40
Chin GN, Almquist HT (1983) Bupivacaine and lidocaine retrobulbar anesthesia – a double-blind clinical study. Ophthalmology 90:369–372
Cohen SM, Sousa FJ, Kelly NE (1992) Respiratory arrest and new retinal hemorrhages after retrobulbar anesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol 113:209–211
Dimsdale JE, Moss J (1980) Plasma catecholamines in stress and exercise. JAMA 243:340–342, Correction 243:2485, 1980
Dubbels R, Schloot W (1983) Studies on the metabolism of benoxinate by human pseudocholinesterase. Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol 7:37–43
Eccarius SG, Gordon ME, Parelman JJ (1990) Bicarbonate-buffered lidocaine-epinephrine-hyaluronidase for eyelid anesthesia. Ophthalmology 97:1499–1501
Eltzschig H, Rohrback M, Schroeder TH (2000) Methaemoglobinemia after peribulbar blockade: an unusual complication in ophthalmic surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 84:442
Foster AH, Carlson BM (1980) Myotonicity of local anesthetics and regeneration of the damaged muscle fibers. Anesth Analg 58:727–736
Gifford H (1949) A study of the effect of retrobulbar anesthesia on ocular tension and the vitreous pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 32:1359–1368
Gjotterberg M, Ingemnsson S-O (1977) Effect on intraocular pressure of retrobulbar injection of Xylocaine with and without adrenaline. Acta Ophthalmol 55:709–716
Greenblatt DJ, Bolognini V, Koch-Weser J et al (1976) Pharmacokinetic approach to the clinical use of lidocaine intravenously. JAMA 236:273–277
Hamed LM, Mancuso A (1991) Inferior rectus muscle contracture syndrome after retrobulbar anesthesia. Ophthalmology 98:1506–1512
Henkes HE, Waubke TN (1978) Keratitis from abuse of corneal anaesthetics. Br J Ophthalmol 62:62–65
Horven I (1978) Ophthalmic artery pressure during retrobulbar anaesthesia. Acta Ophthalmol 56:574–586
Hunter D (1996) Author’s reply. Ophthalmology 103:546
Javitt JC, Addiego R, Friedberg HL et al (1987) Brain stem anesthesia after retrobulbar block. Ophthalmology 94:718–724
Johnson ME, Jones GH (1978) Effects of Marcaine, a myotoxic drug, on macromolecular synthesis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 27:1753–1757
Klein ML, Jampol LM, Condon PI et al (1982) Central retinal artery occlusion without retrobulbar hemorrhage after retrobulbar anesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol 93:573–577
Kleinfeld J, Ellis PP (1966) Effects of topical anesthetics on growth of micro-organisms. Arch Ophthalmol 76:712–715
Krohn J, Houding G, Seland JH et al (1995) Retrobulbar anesthesia with an without adrenaline in extracapsular cataract surgery. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 73:56–60
Lerman J, Kiskis AA (1985) Lidocaine attenuates the intraocular pressure response to rapid intubation in children. Can Anaesth Soc J 32:339–345
Lerman J, Strong A, LeDez KM et al (1989) Effects of age on the serum concentration of a1-acid glycoprotein and the binding of lidocaine in pediatric patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 46:219–225
Lewis P, Hamilton RC, Loken RG (1992) Comparison of plain with pH-adjusted bupivacaine with hyaluronidase for peribulbar block. Can J Anaesth 39:555–558
Marr MG, Wood R (1957) Effects of topical anesthetics on regeneration of corneal epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 43:606–614
Mather C, Hayden Smith J, Bloom PA (1994) The efficacy of 0.75% bupivacaine with pH adjustment and hyaluronidase for peribulbar blockade: the incidence of prolonged ptosis. Eur J Ophthalmol 4:13–18
Matsumoto S, Hayashi K, Tsuchisaka H et al (1981) Pharmacokinetics of surface anesthesia in the human cornea. Jpn J Ophthalmol 25:235–340
McDevitt RG (1977) The assessment of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs I man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4:413–425
McKay W, Morris R, Mushlin P (1987) Sodium bicarbonate attenuates pain on skin infiltration with lidocaine; with or without epinephrine. Anesth Analg 66:572–574
Meyers EF, Ramirez RC, Boniuk I (1978) Grand mal seizures after retrobulbar block. Arch Ophthalmol 96:847
Minasian MC, Ionides AC, Fernando R et al (2000) Pain perception with pH buffered peribulbar anaesthesia: a pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol 84:1041–1044
Nelson SD, Garland WA, Breck GD et al (1977) Quantification of lidocaine and several metabolites utilizing chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and stable isotope labeling. J Pharm Sci 66:1180–1189
O’Donoghue E, Batterbury M, Lavy T (1994) Effect on intraocular pressure of local anaesthesia in eyes undergoing intra-ocular surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 78:605–607
Olson ML, McEvoy GK (1981) Methemoglobinemia induced by local anesthetics. Am J Hosp Pharm 38:89–93
Polse KA, Keener RJ, Jauregui MJ (1978) Dose–response effects of corneal anesthetics. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 55:8–14
Rainin EA, Carlson BM (1985) Postoperative diplopia and ptosis. A clinical hypothesis based on the myotoxicity of local anesthetics. Arch Ophthalmol 103:1337–1339
Ramselaar JAM, Boot JP, van Haerington NJ et al (1988) Corneal epithelial permeability after instillation of ophthalmic solutions containing local anaesthetics and preservatives. Curr Eye Res 7:947–953
Risco JM, Miller LC (1992) Ultrastructural alterations in the endothelium in a patient with topical anesthetic abuse keratopathy. Ophthalmology 99:628–633
Robinson J, Fernando R, Sun Wai WYS et al (2000) Clinical stability of bupivacaine, lidocaine and epinephrine in pH-adjusted solutions. Anaesthesia 55:853–858
Rosenwasser GOD, Holland S, Pflugfelder SC et al (1990) Topical anesthetic abuse. Ophthalmology 97:967–972
Spaziante R, Cappabianca P, Saini M et al (1992) Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia by ophthalmic anesthetic. J Neurosurg 77:159–160
Staiman A, Seeman P (1977) Conduction-blocking concentrations of anesthetics increase with nerve axon diameter: studies with alcohol, lidocaine and tetrodotoxin on single myelinated fibers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 201:340–349
Steer JH, Mastaglia FL (1986) Protein degradation in bupivacaine-treated muscles: the role of extracellular calcium. J Neurol Sci 75:343–351
Stolwijk TR, van Best JA, Boot JP et al (1990) Corneal epithelial barrier function after oxybuprocaine provocation in diabetics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:436–439
Sullivan KL, Brown GC, Forman AR (1983) Retrobulbar anesthesia and retinal vascular obstruction. Ophthalmology 90:373–377
Verma S, Corbett MC, Marshall J (1995) A prospective randomized, double-masked trial to evaluate the role of topical anesthetics in controlling pain after photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology 102:1918–1924
Warner LO, Rogers GL, Marteno JD et al (1988) Intravenous lidocaine reduces the incidence of vomiting in children after surgery to correct strabismus. Anesthesiology 68:618–621
Watson DM (1991) Topical amethocaine in strabismus surgery. Anaesthesia 46:368–370
Weiss JS, Goren MB (1991) The effect of corneal hypesthesia on the duration of proparacaine anesthetic eyedrops. Am J Ophthalmol 112:326–330
Winnie AP, LaVallee DA, Sosa BP et al (1977) Clinical pharmacokinetics of local anaesthetics. Can Anaesth Soc J 4:252–262
Zavon MR, Fichte CM (1991) Trigeminal neuralgia relieved by ophthalmic anesthetic. JAMA 265:2807
Zoglio MA, Soine TO, Rippie EG (1971) Esters of bicyclic aminoalcohols. V: duration of corneal anesthesia versus enzymatic hydrolytic rate of benzoates of 1-2- and 3- methyl −2- hydroxyquinolizidines. J Pharm Sci 60:411–416
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Additional information
Based on JS Mindel’s Chapter 35 on Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics: www.eyecalcs.com/DWAN/pages/v9/v9c035.html.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Mertz, B.P. (2014). Local Anesthesia of the Cornea. In: Hock, F. (eds) Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Pharmacological Assays. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27728-3_88-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27728-3_88-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27728-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Biomedicine and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences