Abstract
Volcanism has been an unrivaled contributor of material to the atmosphere over the course of Earth history. Emissions from volcanoes can include gases, liquid droplets, and solid particles across a wide range of chemical variation. The primary products from active volcanism are water (in three phases), carbon dioxide, and lithic fragments derived from upwelling magma and country rock.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Bailey, J.E.; Dean, K.; Dehn, J.; Webley, P. (2010). Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, in J.A. Power, M.L. Coombs, and J.T. Freymueller (Eds.), The 2006 Eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska (USGS Professional Paper 1769), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, pp. 481–506.
Barton, I.J.; Prata, A.J.; Watterson, I.G.; Young, S.A. (1992). Identification of the Mount Hudson volcanic cloud over SE Australia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1211–1214.
Berk, A.; Bernstein, L.S.; Robertson, D.C. (1989). MODTRAN: A Moderate Resolution Model for LOWTRAN 7 (AFGL-TR-89-0122), U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, Nascom Air Force Base, MA.
Bluth, G.J.S.; Doiron, S.D.; Krueger, A.J.; Walter, L.S.; Schnetzler C.C. (1992). Global tracking of the SO2 clouds from the June, 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 151–154.
Briggs, G.A. (1975). Plume rise predictions, in Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analyses, American Meteorological Society, Boston, pp. 59–111.
Carn, S.A.; Pallister, J.S.; Lara, L.; Ewert, J.W.; Watt, S.; Prata, A.J., Thomas, R.J.; Villarosa, G. (2009). The unexpected awakening of Chaitén Volcano, Chile, EOS Trans., 90(24), 205–206.
Casadevall, T.J. (1994). The 1989/1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano Alaska: Impacts on aircraft operations, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 62(30), 301–316.
Casadevall, T.J.; Delos Reyes, P.J.; Schneider, D.J. (1996). The 1991 Pinatubo eruptions and their effects on aircraft operations, in C.G. Newhall and R.S. Punongbayan (Eds.), Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology/University of Washington Press, Quezon City/Seattle, WA, pp. 625–636.
Clerbaux, C.; Turquety, S.; Hadji-Lazaro, J.; George, M.; Boynard, A.; Pommier, M.; Coheur, P.-F.; Hurtmans, D.; Wespes, C.; Razavi, A. (2007). Monitoring of volcanic SO2 using thermal infrared IASI/METOP sounders (TES, IASI), paper presented at the Support to Aviation Control Service Meeting, Toulouse, France, November 26–27, 2007.
Constantine, E.K.; Bluth, G.J.S.; Rose, W.I. (2000). TOMS and AVHRR sensors applied to drifting volcanic clouds from the August 1991 eruptions of Cerro Hudson, in P. Mouginis-Mark, J. Crisp, and J. Fink (Eds.), Remote Sensing of Active Volcanism (AGU Monograph 116), American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 45–64.
Dean, K.; Bowling, S.A.; Shaw, G.; Tanaka, H. (1994). Satellite analyses of movement and characteristics of the Redoubt volcano plume, January 8, 1990, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 62, 339–352.
Dean, K.; Dehn, J.; Engle, K.; Izbekov, P.; Papp, K.; Patrick, M. (2002). Operational satellite monitoring of volcanoes at the Alaska Volcano Observatory, Adv. Environ. Monit. Model., 1, 3–35.
Dean, K.G.; Dehn, J.; Papp, K.R.; Smith, S.; Izbekov, P.; Peterson, R.; Kearney, C.; Steffke, A. (2004). Integrated satellite observations of the 2001 eruption of Mt. Cleveland, Alaska, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 135, 51–73.
Ellrod, G.P.; Connell, B.H.; Hillger, D.W. (2003). Improved detection of airborne volcanic ash using multispectral infrared satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), 4356, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002802.
Evans, B.T.N. (1988). An Interactive Program for Estimating Extinction and Scattering Properties of Moist Particulate Clouds (Department of Defence Report MRL-R-1123), Defence Science & Technology Organisation, Materials Research Laboratory, Ascot Vale, Victoria, Australia.
Fierstein, J. (2007). Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region, Alaska Peninsula: An overview, Bull. Volcanol., 69, 469509.
Glenkova, I.; Seiz, G.; Zuidema, P.; Zhao, G.; Di Girolamo, L. (2007). Cloud top height comparisons from ASTER, MISR and MODIS for trade wind cumuli, Rem. Sensing Env., 107, 211222.
Gu, Y.; Rose, W.I.; Bluth, G.J.S. (2003). Retrieval of mass and sizes of particles in sandstorms using two MODIS IR bands: A case study of April 7 2001 sandstorm in China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 1805, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017405.
Gu, Y.; Rose, W.I.; Schneider, D.J.; Bluth, G.J.S.; and Watson, I.M. (2005). Advantageous GOES IR results for ash mapping at high latitudes: Cleveland eruptions 2001, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02305, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021651.
Hanstrum, B.N.; Watson, A.S. (1983). A case study of two eruptions of Mount Galunggung and an investigation of volcanic eruption cloud characteristics using remote sensing techniques, Aust. Met. Mag., 31, 131–177.
Harris, D.M.; Rose, W. (1983). Estimating particle sizes, concentration, and total mass of volcanic ash clouds using weather radar, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10969–10983.
Harris, D.M.; Rose, W.; Roe, R.; Thompson, M.R. (1981). Radar observations of ash eruptions, in P.W. Lipman and D.R. Mullineaux (Eds.), The 1980 Eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington (USGS Circular 1250), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, pp. 323–333.
Hasler, A.F. (1981). Stereographic observations from geosynchronous satellites: An important new tool for the atmospheric sciences, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 62(2), 194–212.
Hillger, D.W.; Clark, J.D. (2002a). Principal component image analysis of MODIS for volcanic ash, Part I: Most important bands and implications for future GOES imagers, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 985–1001.
Hillger, D.W.; Clark, J.D. (2002b). Principal component image analysis of MODIS for volcanic ash, Part II: Simulation of current GOES and GOES-M imagers, J. Appl. Meteorol., 41, 1003–1010.
Hofmann, D.J.; Rosen, J.M. (1984). On the temporal variation of stratospheric aerosol size and mass during the first 18 months following the 1982 eruptions of El Chichón, J. Geophys. Res., 89(D3), 4883–4890, doi: 10.1029/JD089iD03p048833.
Holasek, R.E.; Rose, W.I. (1991). Anatomy of 1986 Augustine Volcano eruptions as recorded by multispectral image processing of digital AVHRR weather satellite data, Bull. Volcanol., 53, 420–435.
Holasek, R.; Self, S. (1995). GOES weather satellite observations and measurements of the May 18, 1980, Mt. St. Helens eruption, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8469–8487.
Holasek, R.E.; Woods, A.W.; Self, S. (1996). Experiments on gas–ash separation processes in volcanic umbrella clouds, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 70, 169–181.
Holton, J. (2004). An introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 116–117.
Ivlev, L.S.; Popova, S.I. (1973). The complex refractive indices of substances in the atmospheric aerosol dispersed phase, Atmospheric Oceanic Physics, 9(10), 587–591.
Kearney, C. (2010). The effects of silicate ash on thermal infrared sulfur dioxide retrievals, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.
Kennedy, B.; Spieler, O.; Scheu, B.; Kueppers, U.; Taddeucci, J.; Dingwell, D.B. (2005). Conduit implosion during Vulcanian eruptions, Geology, 33, 581–584, doi: 10.1130/G21488.1.
King, M.D., Harshvardhan; Arking, A. (1984). A model of the radiative properties of the El Chicho´ n stratospheric layer, J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 23, 1121–1137.
Lacasse, C.; Karlsdo´ ttir, S.; Larsen, G.; Soosalu, H.; Rose, W.I.; Ernst, G.G.J. (2004). Weather radar observations of the Hekla 2000 eruption cloud, Iceland. Bull. Volcanol., 66, 457–473.
Lane, S.J.; Gilbert, J.S.; Kemp, A.J. (1995). Electrical and chemical properties of eruption plumes at Sakurajima volcano, Japan. In: Eighth Report of Geophysical and Geochemical Observations at Sakurajima Volcano, Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Sakurajima, Japan, pp. 105–127.
Lutgens, F.K.; Tarbuck, E.J. (1986). The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 154–160.
Lutgens, F.K.; Tarbuck, E.J. (1995). The Atmosphere, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 462 pp. Lynch, J.S.; Stephens, G. (1996). Mount Pinatubo: A satellite perspective of the June 1991 eruptions, in C. Newhall and R.S. Punongbayan (Eds.), Fire and Mud, University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, pp. 637–646.
Malingreau, J.-P.; Kaswanda (1986). Monitoring volcanic eruptions in Indonesia using weather satellite data: The Colo eruption of July 28, 1983, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 27(1/2), 179–194.
Manins, P.C. (1985). Cloud heights and stratospheric injections resulting from a thermonuclear war, Atmos. Environ., 19(8), 1245–1255.
Marzano, F.S.; Vulpiani, G.; Rose,W.I. (2006). Microphysical characterization of microwave radar reflectivity due to volcanic ash clouds, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 313–327.
Masuda, K.; Takashima, T. (1990). Deriving cirrus information using the visible and near-ir channels of the future NOAA-AVHRR radiometer, Remote Sens. Environ., 31, 65–81.
Matson, M. (1984). The 1982 El Chichón volcano eruptions: A satellite perspective, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 23, 1–10.
Miller, T.P.; Casadevall, T.J. (1999). Volcanic ash hazards to aviation, in H. Sigurdsson, B. Houghton, S.R. McNutt, H. Ryman, and J. Stix (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 915–930.
Miller, T.P., Chouet, B.A. (1994). The 1989–1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: An introduction, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 62, 1–10, doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6.
Mosher, F.R. (2000). Four channel volcanic ash detection algorithm, Preprint Volume: 10th Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, January 9–14, 2000, Long Beach, California, pp. 457–460.
Newell, R.E.; Deepak, A. (Eds.) (1982). Mount St. Helens Eruptions of 1980: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climate Impact (NASA Workshop Report, NASA SP-458), Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA,Washington, D.C., 119 pp.
Oberhuber, J.M.; Herzog, M.; Graf, H.; Schwanke, K. (1998). Volcanic plume simulation on large scales, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 87(1/4), 29–53.
Oswalt, J.S.; Nichols, W.; O’Hara, J.F. (1996). Metereological observations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, in C. Newhall and R.S. Punongbayan (Eds.), Fire and Mud: Eruption and Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, pp. 625–636.
Pavolonis, M.J. (2010). Advances in extracting cloud composition information from spaceborne infrared radiances: A robust alternative to brightness temperatures, Part I: Theory, J. Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 1992–2012.
Pavolonis, M.J.; Feltz, W.F.; Heidinger, A.K.;d Gallina, G.M. (2006). A daytime complement to the reverse absorption technique for improved automated detection of volcanic ash, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 1422–1444.
Pergola, N.; Tramutoli, V.; Marchese, F.; Scaffidi, I.; Lacav, T. (2004). Improving volcanic ash cloud detection by a robust satellite technique, Remote Sens. Environ., 90, 1–22.
Pollack, J.B.; Toon, O.B.; Khare, B.K. (1973). Optical properties of some terrestrial rocks and glasses, Icarus, 19, 372–389.
Prata, A. J. (1989a). Observations of volcanic ash clouds using AVHRR-2 radiances, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 10(4/5), 751–761.
Prata., A.J. (1989b). Radiative transfer calculations for volcanic ash clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16(11), 1293–1296.
Prata, A.J.; Barton, I.J. (1994). Detection and discrimination of volcanic ash clouds by infrared radiometry, I: theory, in T.J. Casadevall (Ed.), Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety, Seattle, WA (USGS Bulletin 2047), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, pp. 305–311.
Prata, A.J.; Bernardo, C. (2007). Retrieval of volcanic SO2 column abundance from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20204, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007955.
Prata, A.J.; Grant, I.F. (2001). Retrieval of microphysical and morphological properties of volcanic ash plumes from satellite data: Application to Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand., Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127(576B), 2153–2179.
Prata, A.J.; Kerkmann, J. (2007). Simultaneous retrieval of volcanic ash and SO2 using MSG-SEVIRI measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05813, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028691.
Prata, A.J.; Turner, P.J. (1997). Cloud-top height determination using ATSR data, Remote Sens. Environ., 59(1), 1–13.
Prata, A.J.; Bluth, G.J.S.; Rose, W.I.; Schneider, D.J.; Tupper, A.C. (2001). Comments on failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique. Remote Sens. Environ., 78, 341–346.
Press, W.H.; Flannery, B.P.; Teukolsky, S.A.; Vetterling, W.T. (1986). Numerical Recipes, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 818 pp. Przedpelski, Z.J.; Casadevall, T.J. (1994). Impact of volcanic ash from 15 December 1989 Redoubt volcano eruption on GE CF6-80C2 turbofan engines, in Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety, Seattle, WA, July 1991 (USGS Bulletin 2047), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, pp. 129–135,
Pyle, D.M. (1989). The thickness, volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits. Bull. Volcanol., 51(1), 1–15.
Rose, W.I.; Kostinski, A.B.; Kelly, L. (1995a). Real-Time C-Band Radar Observations of 1992 Eruption Clouds from Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska (USGS Bull. 2139), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, pp. 19–26.
Rose, W.I.; Delene, D.J.; Schneider, D.J.; Bluth, G.J.S.; Kruger, A.J.; Sprod, I.; McKee, C.; Davies, H.L.; and Ernst, G.J. (1995b). Ice in the 1994 Rabaul eruption: Implications for volcanic hazard and atmospheric effects, Nature, 375, 477–479.
Rose, W.I.; Bluth, G.J.S.; Ernst, G.G.J. (2000). Integrating retrievals of volcanic cloud characteristics from satellite remote sensors: A summary, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., Ser. A: Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 358(1770), 1585–1606, doi: 10.1098/rsta.2000.0605.
Rose, W.I.; Bluth, G.J.S.; Watson I.M. (2004). Ice in volcanic clouds: When and where? Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety, Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research, Washington, D.C., Session 3, p. 61.
Sawada, Y. (1987). Study on Analysis of Volcanic Eruptions Based on Eruption Cloud Image Data Obtained by the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) (Technical Report 22), Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan, 335 pp.
Sawada, Y. (1996). Detection of explosive eruptions and regional tracking of volcanic ash clouds with geostationary meteorological satellites (GMS), in R. Scarpa and R.I. Tilling (Eds.), Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 299–314.
Schneider, D.J.; Rose, W.I.; Kelley, L. (1995). Tracking of 1992 Eruption Clouds from Crater Peak of Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska, Using AVHRR (USGS Bulletin 2139), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, pp. 27–36.
Schneider, D.J.; Rose, W.I.; Coke, L.R.; Bluth, G.J.S. (1999). Early evolution of a stratospheric volcanic eruption cloud as observed with TOMS and AVHRR, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D4), 4037– 4050.
Scollo, S.; Folch, A.; Coltelli, M.; Realmuto, V.J. (2010). Three-dimensional volcanic aerosol dispersal: A comparison between Multiangle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) data and numerical simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D24210, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013162.
Searcy, C.; Dean, K.; Stringer, W. (1998). PUFF: A highresolution volcanic ash tracking model, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 80, 1–16.
Simpson, J.J.; Hufford, G.; Pieri, D.; Berg, J. (2000). Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellitebased technique, Remote Sens. Environ., 72, 191–217.
Simpson, J.J.; Berg, J.S.;Koblinsky, C.J.; Hufford, G.L.; Beckley, B. (2001). The NVAP Global Water Vapor Data Set: Independent cross-comparison and multiyear variability, Remote Sensing of Environment, 76(1), 112–129, doi: 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00199-1.
Simpson, J.J.; Hufford, G.; Pieri, D.; Servranckx, R.; Berg, J. (2002). The February 2001 Eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: Case study of an aviation hazard, Weather and Forecasting, 17, 691–704.
Sokolik, I.N.; Toon, O.B. (1999). Incorporation of mineralogical composition into models of the radiative properties of mineral aerosol from UV to IR wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 104(D8), 9423–9444.
Sparks, R.S.J.; Bursik, M.I.; Carey, S.N.; Gilbert, R.S.; Glaze, L.S.; Sigurdsson, H.; Woods, A.W. (1997). Volcanic Plumes, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 574 pp.
Stamnes, K.; Swanson, R.A. (1981). A new look at the discrete ordinates method for radiative transfer calculations in anisotropically scattering atmospheres, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 387–399.
Stohl, A.; Prata, A.J.; Eckhardt, S.; Clarisse, L.; Durant, A.; Henne, S.; Kristiansen, N.I.; Minikin, A.; Schumann, U.; Seibert, P. et al. (2011). Determination of time- and height-resolved volcanic ash emissions for quantitative ash dispersion modeling: The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 5541–5588.
Tupper, A.; Oswalt, J.S. (2005). Satellite and radar analysis of the volcanic cumulonimbi at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991, J. Geophys. Res., 110(D09204), 1–15.
Tupper, A.; Kinoshita, K.; Kanagaki, C. (2003). Observations of volcanic cloud heights and ash–atmosphere interactions, WMO/ICAO Third Workshop on Volcanic Ash, Toulouse, France, September 29–October 3.
Tupper, A.; Carn, S.A.; Davey, J.; Kamada, Y.; Potts, R.J.; Prata, A.J.; Tokuno, M. (2004). An evaluation of volcanic cloud detection techniques during recent significant eruptions in the western Ring of Fire, Remote Sens. Environ., 91, 27–46.
Tupper, A.; Itikarai, I.; Richards, M.; Prata, F.; Carn, S.; Rosenfeld, D. (2007). Facing the challenges of the International Airways Volcano Watch: The 2004/05 eruptions of Manam, Papua New Guinea, Weather and Forecasting, 22(1), 175–191.
Turco, R.P., Toon, O.B., Whitten, R.C., Hamill, P., and Keesee, R.G. (1983). The 1980 eruptions of Mt. St. Helens: Physical and chemical processes in the stratospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5299–5319.
Turco, R.P. (1992). Physical and chemical processes of volcanic interactions with the atmosphere, in L.T. Simarski (Ed.), Volcanism and Climate Change (AGU Special Report), American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., p. 5.
Volz, F.E. (1973). Infrared optical constants of ammonium sulfate, Sahara dust, volcanic pumice, and fly ash, Appl. Opt., 12(3), 564–568.
Walker, G.P.L. (1971). Grain-size characteristics of pyroclastic deposits, J. Geology, 79, 696–714.
Watkin, S.C. (2003). The application of AVHRR data for the detection of volcanic ash in a Volcanic Ash Advisory Center, Meteorol. Appl., 10, 301–311.
Watson, I.M.; Realmuto, V.J.; Rose, W.I.; Prata, A.J.; Bluth, G.J.S.; Gu, Y.; Bader, C.E.; Yu, T. (2004). Thermal infrared remote sensing of volcanic emissions using the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 135, 75–89.
Webley, P.W.; Atkinson, D.; Collins, R.L.; Dean, K.; Fochesatto, J.; Sassen, K.; Cahill, C.F.; Prata, A.J.; Flynn, C.J.; Mizutani, K. (2008). Predicting and validating the tracking of a volcanic ash cloud during the 2006 eruption of Mt. Augustine volcano, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 1647–1657, doi: 10.1175/2008BAMS2579.1, .
Wen, S.; Rose, W.I. (1994). Retrieval of sizes and total masses of particles in volcanic clouds using AVHRR bands 4 and 5, J. Geophys. Res., 99(D3), 5421–5431.
Winker, D.M.; Hunt, W.H.; McGill, M.J. (2007). Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030135.
Wood, J.; Scott, C.; Schneider, D. (2007). WSR-88D radar observations of volcanic ash, Fourth International Workshop on Volcanic Ash, World Meterological Organization (WMO) in close collaboration with the International Civil Aviation Organziation (ICAO) and the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, Rotorua, New Zealand.
Woods, A.W.; Self, S. (1992). Thermal disequilibrium at the top of volcanic clouds and its effect on estimates of the column height, Nature, 355, 628–630.
Wylie, D.P.; Santek, D.; O’Starr, D. (1998). Cloud-top heights from GOES-8 and GOES-9 stereoscopic imagery, J. Appl. Meteorol., 37, 405–413.
Yu, T.; Rose, W.I.; Prata, A.J. (2002). Atmospheric correction for satellite-based volcanic ash mapping and retrievals using split window IR data from GOES and AVHRR, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D16), 4311, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000706.
Zobin, V.M.; Jiménez, M. (2008). Some regularity in the process of re-awakening of andesite and dacite volcanoes: Specific features of the 1982 El Chichón volcano, México reactivation, J. Volcanol. Geothermal Res., 175(4), 482–487
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Prata, F., Dean, K., Watson, M. (2015). Volcanic clouds. In: Monitoring Volcanoes in the North Pacific. Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68750-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68750-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-24125-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-68750-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)