Abstract
Research on non-human organisms has been a major focus in the scholarship of historians of biology, especially over the past 25 years. This chapter identifies four overarching trends concerning historical scholarship on the use of non-human organisms for experimental purposes, paying attention both to its style and epistemic goals, and to the species and research locations that have been studied and documented. The first trend (1970sā1980s) focused on organisms as one of the many other components of epistemic cultures, the second (1990s) on organisms themselves as units of historical study, the third (late 1990sā2000s) on the organisms in relation to their experimental and institutional context, and the fourth (ongoing) on the diversification of methods and types of research under examination, including multispecies work and the study of practices in a wider range of biological subfields and across geographic locations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agar J (2012) Science in the twentieth century and beyond. Polity Press, Cambridge
Allen GE (1975) The introduction of Drosophila into the study of heredity and evolution: 1900ā1910. Isis 66(3):322ā333. https://doi.org/10.1086/351472
Allen GE (1978) Life sciences in the twentieth century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Allen GE (1979) Thomas Hunt Morgan: the man and his science. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Ankeny RA (2000) Fashioning descriptive models in biology: of worms and wiring diagrams. Philos Sci 67(S):S260āS272. https://doi.org/10.1086/392824
Ankeny RA (2001) The natural history of Caenorhabditis Elegans research. Nat Rev Genet 2(6):474ā479. https://doi.org/10.1038/35076538
Ankeny RA (2010) Historiographic reflections on model organisms: or how the mureaucracy may be limiting our understanding of contemporary genetics and genomics. Hist Philos Life Sci 32(1):91ā104. https://doi.org/10.2307/23335054
Ankeny RA, Leonelli S (2011) Whatās so special about model organisms? Stud Hist Philos Sci Part A 42(2):313ā323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2010.11.039
Behringer RR, Johnson AD, Krumlauf RE (eds) (2009) Emerging model organisms: a laboratory manual, volume 1. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York
Benson KR, Maienschein J, Rainger R (eds) (1991) The expansion of American biology. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick
Berry D (2015) The resisted rise of randomisation in experimental design: British agricultural science, c.1910ā1930. Hist Philos Life Sci 37(3):242ā260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-015-0076-8
Bijker WE, Parke T, Hughes, Pinch T (eds) (1987) The social construction of technological systems: new directions in the sociology and history of technology. MIT Press, Cambridge
Bolker JA (1995) Model systems in developmental biology. BioEssays 17(5):451ā455. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950170513
Bonner JT (1999) The history of the cellular slime moulds as a āmodel systemā for developmental biology. J Biosci 24(1):7ā12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02941100
Burian RM, Gayon J, Zallen D (1988) The singular fate of genetics in the history of French biology, 1900ā1940. J Hist Biol 21(3):357ā402. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00144087
Burt J (2006) Rat. Reaktion Books, London
Cairns J, Stent GS, Watson JD (eds) (1966) Phage and the origins of molecular biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology, New York
Campos LA (2015) Radium and the secret of life. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226238302.001.0001
Carlson EA (1981) Genes, radiation, and society: the life and work of H. J. Muller. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Charnley B (2011) Agricultural science, plant breeding and the emergence of a Mendelian system in Britain, 1880ā1930. University of Leeds. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2130/1/Charnley_B_Humanities_PhD_2011.pdf
Churchill FB (1997) Life before model systems: general zoology at August Weismannās institute. Am Zool 37(3):260ā268. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/37.3.260
Clarke AE (1995) Research materials and reproductive science in the United States, 1910ā1940. In: Star SL (ed) Ecologies of knowledge work and politics in science and technology. State University of New York, Albany, pp 183ā225
Clarke AE, Fujimura JH (1992) Which tools? Which jobs? Why right? In: The right tools for the job: at work in the twentieth-century life sciences. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 3ā44.
Clause BT (1993) The Wistar rat as a right choice: establishing mammalian standards and the ideal of a standardized mammal. J Hist Biol 26(2):329ā349. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061973
Coleman W (1971) Biology in the nineteenth century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Coleman W (1985) The cognitive basis of the discipline: Claude Bernard on physiology. Isis 76(1):49ā70
Comfort NC (2001) The tangled field: Barbara McClintockās search for the patterns of genetic control. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Cooke KJ (1997) From science to practice, or practice to science? Chickens and eggs in Raymond Pearlās agricultural breeding research, 1907ā1916. Isis 88(1):62ā86. https://doi.org/10.1086/383627
Creager ANH (2002) The life of a virus: tobacco mosaic virus as an experimental model, 1930ā1965. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Creager ANH, Landecker H (2009) Technical matters: method, knowledge and infrastructure in twentieth-century life science. Nat Methods 6(10):701ā705. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1009-701
Cronon W (1991) Natureās metropolis: Chicago and the great West. Norton, New York
Crowe N, Dietrich MR, Alomepe BS, Antrim AF, ByrneSim BL, He Y (2015) The diversification of developmental biology. Stud Hist Philos Sci Part C: Stud Hist Philos Biol and Biomed Sci 53:1ā15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.04.004
Davies JA (2007) Developmental biologistsā choice of subjects approximates to a power law, with no evidence for the existence of a special group of āmodel organismsā. BMC Dev Biol 7:40ā46. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-213X-7-40
Davies G (2013) Arguably big biology: sociology, spatiality and the knockout mouse project. BioSocieties 8(4):417ā431. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2013.25
de Chadarevian S (1998) Of worms and programmes: Caenorhabditis elegans and the study of development. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 29(1):81ā105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8486(98)00004-1
de Chadarevian S (2002) Designs for life: molecular biology after World War II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Dickenson V (2013) Rabbit. Reaktion Books Ltd, London
Dietrich MR, Ankeny RA, Chen PM (2014) Publication trends in model organism research. Genetics 198(3):787ā794. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.169714
Endersby J (2009) A guinea pigās history of biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Endersby J (2013) Mutant utopias: evening primroses and imagined futures in early twentieth-century America. Isis 104(3):471ā503. https://doi.org/10.1086/673270
Ernst SG (1997) A century of sea urchin development. Am Zool 37(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/37.3.250
Fagan MB (2013) Philosophy of stem cell biology: knowledge in flesh and blood. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke
Fantini B (1985) The sea urchin and the fruit fly: cell biology and heredity, 1900ā1910. Biol Bull 168(Supp):99ā106
Fitzgerald D (1990) The business of breeding: hybrid corn in Illinois, 1890ā1940. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Franklin S (2007) Dolly mixtures: the remaking of genealogy. Duke University Press, Chapel Hill
Friese C (2013) Cloning wild life zoos, captivity, and the future of endangered animals. New York University Press, New York
GaudilliĆØre J-P (2008) La MĆ©decine et Les Sciences: XIX ā XX SiĆØcles. La DĆ©couverte, Paris
Geison GL (ed) (1987) Physiology in the American context, 1850ā1940. American Physiological Society, Bethesda
Geison GL, Laubichler MD (2001) The varied lives of organisms: variation in the historiography of the biological sciences. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 32(1):1ā29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8486(00)00023-6
Gentilcore D (2012) Italy and the potato: a history, 1550ā2000. Continuum, London
Gest H (1995) Arabidopsis to zebrafish: a commentary on āRosetta Stoneā model systems in the biological sciences. Perspect Biol Med 39(1):77ā85. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1995.0016
Gilbert SF (2009) The adequacy of model systems for evo-devo: modeling the formation of organisms/modeling the formation of society. In: Mapping the future of biology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 57ā68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9636-5
Gooding DW (1990) Experiment and the making of meaning: human agency in scientific observation and experiment. Springer, Netherlands
Griesemer JR (2015) What salamander biologists have taught us about evo-devo. In: Love AC (ed) Conceptual change in biology: scientific and philosophical perspectives on evolution and development. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 271ā301. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9412-1_13
Griesemer J, Gerson E (2006) Of mice and men and low unit cost. Stud Hist Philos Sci Part C: Stud Hist Philos Biol and Biomed Sci 37(2):363ā372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2006.03.005
Griesemer JR, Wade MJ (1988) Laboratory models, causal explanation and group selection. Biol Philos 3(1):67ā96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00127629
Gurdon JB, Hopwood N (2000) The introduction of Xenopus laevis into developmental biology: of empire, pregnancy testing and ribosomal genes. Int J Dev Biol 44(1):43ā50 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10761846
Hacking I (1983) Representing and intervening. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511814563
Harwood J (1987) National styles in science: genetics in Germany and the United States between the world wars. Isis 78(3):390ā414
Harwood J (2005) Technologyās dilemma: agricultural colleges between science and practice in Germany, 1860ā1934. Peter Lang, Bern
Harwood J (2012) Europeās green revolution and others since: the rise and fall of peasant-friendly plant breeding. Routledge, Abingdon
Holmes FL (1993) The old martyr of science: the frog in experimental physiology. J Hist Biol 26(2):311ā328. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061972
Hopwood N (2015) The cult of Amphioxus in German Darwinism; or, our gelatinous ancestors in Naplesā blue and balmy bay. Hist Philos Life Sci 36(3):371ā393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-014-0034-x
Jacob F (1998) Of flies, mice, and men. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Judson HF (1979) The eighth day of creation: makers of the revolution in biology. Touchstone Books, New York
Keller EF (1983) A feeling for the organism: the life and work of Barbara McClintock. WH Freeman, San Francisco
Keller EF (1996) Drosophila embryos as transitional objects: the work of Donald Poulson and Christiane NĆ¼sslein-Volhard. Hist Stud Phys Biol Sci 26(2):313ā346
Kimmelman B (1992) Organisms and interests in scientific research: R.A. Emersonās claims for the unique contributions of agricultural genetics. In: Clarke AE, Fujimura JH (eds) The right tools for the job: at work in twentieth-century life sciences. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, pp 198ā232
Kirk RGW (2008) āWantedāstandard guinea pigsā: standardisation and the experimental animal market in Britain ca. 1919ā1947. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 39:280ā291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.06.002
Kirk RGW (2012) āStandardization through mechanizationā: germ-free life and the engineering of the ideal laboratory animal. Technol Cult 53(1):61ā93. https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.2012.0025
Kirk RGW (2013) A brave new animal for a brave new world: the British Laboratory Animals Bureau and the constitution of international standards of laboratory animal production and use, circa 1947ā1968. Isis 101(1):62ā94. https://doi.org/10.1086/652689
Kirk RGW (2014) In dogs we trust? Intersubjectivity, response-able relations, and the making of mine detector dogs. J Hist Behav Sci 50:1ā36. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.21642
Kirk RGW, Pemberton N (2013) Leech. Reaktion Books, London
Kirk R, Ramsden E. (2018) Working across species down on the farm: Howard S. Liddell and the development of comparative psychopathology, c. 1923ā1962. HPLS 40:1ā29
Kirksey SE, Helmreich S (2010) The emergence of multispecies ethnography. Cult Anthropol 25(4):545ā576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01069.x
Koch L, Svendsen MN (2014) Negotiating moral value: a story of Danish research monkeys and their humans. Sci Technol Hum Values 40(3):368ā388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243914553223
Kohler RE (1991) Systems of production: Drosophila, Neurospora, and biochemical genetics. Hist Stud Nat Sci 22(1):87ā130
Kohler RE (1993) Drosophila: a life in the laboratory. J Hist Biol 26(2):281ā310
Kohler RE (1994) Lords of the fly: Drosophila genetics and the experimental life. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Kohler RE (2002) Landscapes and labscapes: exploring the lab-field border in biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Landecker H (2009) Seeing things: from microcinematography to live cell imaging. Nat Methods 6(10):707ā709. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth1009-707
Latour B (1993) The pasteurization of France. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Laubichler MD (2000) The organism is dead. Long live the organism! Perspect Sci 8(3):286ā315. https://doi.org/10.1162/106361400750340505
Laubichler MD, Davidson EH (2008) Boveriās long experiment: sea urchin merogones and the establishment of the role of nuclear chromosomes in development. Dev Biol 314(1):1ā11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.024
Laubichler MD, Maienschein J, Renn J (2013) Computational perspectives in the history of science: to the memory of Peter Damerow. Isis 104(1):119ā130. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000809
Lederman M, Burian RM (1993) Introduction. J Hist Biol 26(2):235ā237. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061967
Lederman M, Tolin SA (1993) OVATOOMB: other viruses and the origins of molecular biology. J Hist Biol 26(2):1910ā1925. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061968
Lenoir T (1982) The strategy of life: teleology and mechanism in nineteenth century German biology. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
Leonelli S (2007) Growing weed, producing knowledge: an epistemic history of Arabidopsis thaliana. Hist Philos Life Sci 29(2):193ā223
Leonelli S (2016) The disruptive potential of data publication. Notes Rec: Royal Soc J Hist Sci 70:20160036. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2016.0036
Leonelli S, Ankeny RA (2012) Re-thinking organisms: the impact of databases on model organism biology. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 43(1):29ā36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.10.003
Logan CA (2001) āAre Norway rats ... things?ā: diversity versus generality in the use of albino rats in experiments on development and sexuality. J Hist Biol 34(2):287ā314
Logan CA (2002) Before there were standards: the role of test animals in the production of scientific generality in physiology. J Hist Biol 35:329ā363
Loskutova MV, Fedotova AA (2015) The rise of applied entomology in the Russian Empire: governmental, public, and academic responses to insect pest outbreaks from 1840 to 1894. In: Phillips D, Kingsland S (eds) New perspectives on the history of life sciences and agriculture, vol 40. Springer international Publishing, Switzerland, pp 139ā162. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12185-7_8
Love AC, Travisano M (2013) Microbes modeling ontogeny. Biol Philos 28(2):161ā188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-013-9363-5
Lƶwy I (1990) Variances in meaning in discovery accounts: the case of contemporary biology. Hist Stud Phys Biol Sci 21(1):87ā121. https://doi.org/10.2307/27757656
Lƶwy I (1992) From guinea pigs to man: the development of Haffkineās anti-cholera vaccine. J Hist Med Allied Sci 47:270ā309. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/47.3.270
Lyons CWP, Scholfthof K-BG (2015) Watching grass grow: the emergence of Brachypodium distachyon as a model for the Poaceae. In: Phillips D, Kingsland S (eds) New perspectives on the history of the life sciences and agriculture. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 479ā501
MacLeod M, Nersessian NJ (2013) Building simulations from the ground up: modeling and theory in systems biology. Philos Sci 80(4):533ā556. https://doi.org/10.1086/673209
Maienschein J (1991) Transforming traditions in American biology, 1880ā1915. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
McCain KW (1991) Communication, competition, and secrecy: the production and dissemination of research-related information in genetics. Sci Technol Hum Values 16(4):491ā516. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224399101600404
Mendelsohn JA (2003) Lives of the cell. J Hist Biol 36:1ā37
Meunier R (2012) Stages in the development of a model organism as a platform for mechanistic models in developmental biology: zebrafish, 1970ā2000. Stud Hist Philos Sci Part C: Stud Hist Philos Biol and Biomed Sci 43(2):522ā531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.11.013
Milam EL (2009) The experimental animal from the naturalistās point of view: behavior and evolution at the American Museum of Natural History, 1928ā1954. Trans Am Philos Soc 99(1):157ā178
Mitman G, Fausto-Sterling A (1992) Whatever happened to Planaria? C.M. Child and the physiology of inheritance. In: Clarke AE, Fujimura JH (eds) The right tools for the job: at work in the twentieth-century life sciences. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 172ā197
Mullins NC (1968) The development of a scientific specialty: the phage group and the origins of molecular biology. Minerva 6:828ā843. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01881390
Nyhart LK (1987) The disciplinary breakdown of German morphology, 1870ā1900. Isis 78(3):365ā389. https://doi.org/10.1086/354473
Nyhart LK (1995) Biology takes form: animal morphology and the German universities, 1800ā1900. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
OāMalley MA (2013) Philosophy and the microbe: a balancing act. Biol Philos 28(2):153ā159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-013-9360-8
Onaga L (2010) Toyama Kametaro and Vernon Kellogg: silkworm inheritance experiments in Japan, Siam, and the United States, 1900ā1912. J Hist Biol 43(2):215ā264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-010-9222-z
Parolini G (2015) The emergence of modern statistics in agricultural science: analysis of variance, experimental design and the reshaping of research at Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1919ā1933. J Hist Biol 48(2):301ā335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-014-9394-z
Phillips D, Kingsland SE (eds) (2015) New perspectives on the history of life sciences and agriculture. Springer, Switzerland
Potts A (2012) Chicken. Reaktion Books, London
Rader KA (1998) The āmouse peopleā: murine genetics work at the Bussey Institution, 1909ā1936. J Hist Biol 31:327ā354
Rader KA (2004) Making mice: standardizing animals for American biomedical research, 1900ā1955. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Rainger R, Benson KR, Maienschein J (eds) (1988) The American development of biology. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick
Ramsden E (2011a) From rodent utopia to urban hell: population, pathology, and the crowded rats of NIMH. Isis 102:659ā688. https://doi.org/10.1086/663598
Ramsden E (2011b) Travelling facts about crowded rats: rodent experimentation and the human sciences. In: Howlett P, Morgan MS (eds) How well do facts travel? The dissemination of reliable knowledge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 223ā251
Ramsden E (2012) Rats, stress and the built environment. Hist Hum Sci 25:123ā147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695112471005
Reader J (2011) Potato: A history of the propitious esculent. Yale University Press, New Haven
ReiĆ C (2012) Gateway, instrument, environment: the aquarium as a hybrid space between animal fancying and experimental zoology. NTM Z Gesch Wiss Tech Med 20(4):309ā336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-012-0079-4
Rheinberger H-J (1997) Toward a history of epistemic things: synthesizing proteins in the test tube. Stanford University Press, Stanford
Rheinberger H-J (2000) Ephestia: the experimental design of Alfred KĆ¼hnās physiological developmental genetics. J Hist Biol 33:535ā576. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004858314375
Rheinberger H-J (2010) An epistemology of the concrete: twentieth-century histories of life. Duke University Press, Durham
Ritvo H (1987) The animal estate: the English and other creatures in the Victorian age. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Ritvo H (2010) Noble cows and hybrid zebras: essays on animals and history. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville
Salaman RN, Burton WG, Hawkes JG (1985) The history and social influence of the potato. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Sapp J (1987) Beyond the gene: cytoplasmic inheritance and the struggle for authority in genetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Schloegel JJ (1999) From anomaly to unification: Tracy Sonneborn and the species problem in Protozoa, 1954ā1957. J Hist Biol 32(1):93ā132. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004464509024
Schloegel JJ, Schmidgen H (2002) General physiology, experimental psychology, and evolutionism: unicellular organisms as objects of psychophysiological research, 1877ā1918. Isis 93:614ā645
Schweid R (2013) Octopus. Reaktion Books, London
Secord JA (2011) Natureās fancy: Charles Darwin and the breeding of pigeons. Isis 72(2):162ā186
Serpell JA (1986) In the company of animals. Blackwell, Oxford
Shapin S (1988) The house of experiment in seventeenth-century England. Isis 79(3):373ā404. https://doi.org/10.1086/354773
Shapin S, Schaffer S (1985) Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life: including a translation of Thomas Hobbes, Dialogus Physicus de Natura Aeris by Simon Schaffer. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Smith AF (2011) Potato: a global history. Reaktion Books, London
Smocovitis VB (2009) The āplant Drosophilaā: E. B. Babcock, the genus Crepis, and the evolution of a genetics research program at Berkeley, 1915ā1947. Hist Stud Nat Sci 39:300ā355. https://doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2009.39.3.300
Somerville C, Koornneef M (2002) A fortunate choice: the history of Arabidopsis as a model plant. Nat Rev Genet 3(11):883ā889. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg927
Star SL, Griesemer JR (1989) Institutional ecology, ātranslationsā and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeleyās Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907ā39. Soc Stud Sci 19:387ā420
Sunderland ME (2011) Morphogenesis, Dictyostelium, and the search for shared developmental processes. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 42(4):508ā517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2011.07.002
Sunderland ME (2013) Teaching natural history at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. Br J Hist Sci 46(1):97ā121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087411000872
Timmermans S, Epstein S (2010) A world of standards but not a standard world: toward a sociology of standards and standardization. Annu Rev Sociol 36(1):69ā89. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102629
Todes DP (1997) Pavlovās physiology factory. Isis 88(2):205ā246
Todes DP (2001) Pavlovās physiology factory: experiment, interpretation, laboratory enterprise. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Weber M (2004) Philosophy of experimental biology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Winther RG, Giordano R, Edge MD, Nielsen R (2015) The mind, the lab, and the field: three kinds of populations in scientific practice. Stud Hist Phil Biol Biomed Sci 52:12ā21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.01.009
Wood RJ, Orel V (2001) Genetic prehistory in selective breeding: a prelude to Mendel. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Woolgar SW (1976) Writing an intellectual history of scientific development: the use of discovery accounts. Soc Stud Sci 6:395ā422. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277600600306
Worster D (1990) Transformations of the earth: toward an agroecological perspective in history. J Am Hist 76(4):1087ā1106. https://doi.org/10.2307/2936586
Zallen DT (1993) The ālightā organism for the job: green algae and photosynthesis research. J Hist Biol 26(2):269ā279
Zuckerman L (1999) The potato: how the humble spud rescued the western world. North Point Press, New York
Acknowledgments
Funding via the Australian Research Council Discovery Project (DP160102989) āOrganisms and Us: How Living Things Help Us to Understand Our Worldā (2016ā20)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Ankeny, R.A., Leonelli, S. (2021). Organisms in Experimental Research. In: Dietrich, M.R., Borrello, M.E., Harman, O. (eds) Handbook of the Historiography of Biology. Historiographies of Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90119-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90119-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90118-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90119-0
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities