Abstract
By way of conclusion, this chapter summarises some general trends from the various case studies of the book from 1815 to 1950. It addresses the long-term trend from punishment to welfare, discusses the institutional diversity masked by a similar terminology, and underlines the new social actors, their roles played in the juvenile justice arena, focusing on the issues of gender. Finally, the editors highlight three main contributions of the period under investigation to a future transnational history of juvenile justice: the complex roles of the state, the specific experience of wartime and the ambiguous functions of theories in the everyday practice of the juvenile courts and institutions.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
In Chap. 3, Peter King adds nuances that bring to light the complexities of the situation. On the one hand, institutions that displayed many of the characteristics of reform institutions existed before the expression juvenile reformatory came into use. On the other, it is not always clear how juvenile reformatories were different from juvenile prisons or juvenile penitentiaries.
- 3.
Garland (2001: 3).
- 4.
Garland (2001: 22).
- 5.
Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966).
- 6.
Radzinowicz and Hood (1986: 630–631).
- 7.
Oberwittler (2000).
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
Bost and François (2009: 34).
- 11.
Report for the year 1916, page 5. National Archives of Quebec, Correspondance du procureur général, E17, file 871/1917. The method used to reach this conclusion obviously lacks rigour. Yet the quotation is interesting in that it shows the enthusiasm with which probation was welcomed.
- 12.
Odem (1995: 158).
- 13.
François and Niget (2011: 12).
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
De Koster and Niget (2015).
- 16.
François and Niget (2011: 15).
- 17.
About the process that led to the adoption of this dual system, see Fecteau et al. (1998).
- 18.
See Ménard (2003: 106–110).
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
See the Independent Experts Commission on Internments http://www.uek-administrative-versorgungen.ch [accessed 8 July 2017].
- 22.
Heynssens (2012).
- 23.
See remarks by Ellis (2014) on the state as playing a central role in the construction of ideas on juvenile delinquency.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
Jenneke Christiaens, Chap. 9.
- 28.
David Meeres, Chap. 8.
- 29.
Cicourel (1976: 24).
- 30.
Cicourel (1976: 113).
- 31.
Ibid.
- 32.
On this point, see Chap. 2 by Jean Trépanier.
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Trépanier, J., Rousseaux, X. (2018). Conclusion: Towards a Transnational History of Youth in Justice Systems. In: Trépanier, J., Rousseaux, X. (eds) Youth and Justice in Western States, 1815-1950. World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66245-9_14
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