The Anvil of Internationalism: The United Nations and Anglo-American Relations During the Debate Over Katanga, 1960–1963

Abstract

This chapter investigates how the imperial internationalism of Britain and the United States was affected by the role of the United Nations during the Congo crisis from 1960–1964. The introduction of a peace-keeping force to safeguard the sovereignty of the Congo shortly after its independence in June 1960 immediately had the effect of internationalising the crisis. The main points of contention which emerged between Britain and the United States related to the use of military force by the United Nations to end the secession of the south-eastern province of Katanga, which was widely held to have been engineered by Belgium and Western business interests. The debate had wider and deeper implications as newly independent African countries positioned the Congo question as a means to exacerbate the differences between Britain and the US and in the process, challenge imperialist internationalism. For their part, policymakers in London and Washington not only faced a crisis which combined the problems of decolonisation with the increasing tensions of the Cold War, but also the realisation that the UN was increasingly susceptible to African influence. The ending of the secession by UN forces in 1962 reflected their opposing visions of how to deal with decolonisation but also represented the first important defeat of traditional, liberal, imperialist internationalism in Africa.