Abstract
This paper discusses research on the relationship between fertility and women’s labor force participation. It surveys methods used to obtain causal identification and provides an overview of the evidence of causal effects in both directions. A few themes are highlighted as important in guiding research and in reading the evidence. These include the importance of distinguishing between extensive and intensive margin changes in both variables; consideration not only of women’s participation but also of occupational and sectoral choice and of relative earnings; the relevance of studying dynamic effects and of analyzing changes across the lifecycle and across successive cohorts; and of recognizing that women’s choices over both fertility and labor force participation are subject to multiple constraints. Crucially, while technological innovations in reproductive health technologies have muted the family-career trade-off primarily by allowing women to time their fertility, policy has not achieved as much as it might.
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Acknowledgments
Responsible Section Editor: M. Niaz Asadullah. We are grateful to the editor, Klaus F. Zimmermann; the section editor, M. Niaz Asadullah, the referee; S Anukriti; and Inés Berniell and Manuel Fernandez Sierra for their helpful comments that improved this review. Sonia Bhalotra acknowledges the research support from the ESRC-funded Human Rights, Big Data and Technology Project and the ESRC Centre for Microsocial Change at Essex and from CAGE and the University of Warwick. Damian Clarke acknowledges the financial support of the Millennium Science Foundation via the Millennium Institute of Market Imperfections and Public Policy. There is no conflict of interest.
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Bhalotra, S., Clarke, D., Walther, S. (2023). Women’s Careers and Family Formation. In: Zimmermann, K.F. (eds) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_150-1
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