Abstract
This chapter will explore the role digital technology has played in journalism in Sri Lanka, an island that is largely considered to have enforced restrictive media policies during its armed conflict, which ended in May 2009, and thereafter. Sri Lanka has traditionally been considered one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists to work, as its enduring ethnic conflict cut across all aspects of life on the island. The Sinhalese-dominated central government for decades has put in place repressive policies that suffocated any alternative narratives that ran contrary to the government’s war effort; moves that intensified during the final stages of the conflict. Despite this, Tamil media managed to find avenues of resistance and areas in which it could challenge the state’s discourse. This chapter will explore how digital technology assisted Tamil efforts in breaking through restrictive media policies and provided new grounds and tools for those who have and continue to challenge repressive politics in Sri Lanka.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AAAS. (2009). High-resolution satellite imagery and the conflict in Sri Lanka. Geospatial Technologies Project. https://www.aaas.org/geotech/sri_lanka_2009. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Article 19. (1996). Silent war: Censorship and the conflict in Sri Lanka.
Article 19. (1998). Fifty years on: Censorship, conflict and media reform in Sri Lanka.
BBC Sinhala. (2007). Tamilnet blocked in Sri Lanka. http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2007/06/070620_tamilnet.shtml. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
BBC Sinhala. (2010). The economist’ seized in Colombo. http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2010/08/100822_economist_ban.shtml. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Bose, S. (1994). State-building and the birth of two nations: The genesis and evolution of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict. In States, nations, sovereignty: Sri Lanka, India and the Tamil Eelam movement. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Brady, L. (2005). Colonials, bourgeoisies and media dynasties: A case study of Sri Lanka. North Rockhampton: Central Queensland University.
Cellan-Jones, R. (2015). EyeWitness app lets smartphones report war crimes. BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-33029464. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Centre for Policy Alternatives. (2011). Freedom of expression on the Internet in Sri Lanka.
Colvin, M. (2010). Address at St Bride’s Church. See full text here: Telegraph (2012) Syria: Marie Colvin in her own words—Our mission is to report the horrors of war http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9098053/Syria-Marie-Colvin-in-her-own-words-our-mission-is-to-report-the-horrors-of-war.html. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Diamon, L. (2010). Liberation technology. Journal of Democracy, 21, 3.
Everett, C. (2016). Should encryption software be banned? Network Security, 2016(8), 14–17.
Freedom House. (2012). Freedom on the net: Sri Lanka. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2012/sri-lanka. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Groundviews. (2012). #UPRLKA: Complete tweet archive and related visualisation around Sri Lanka’s UPR review. http://groundviews.org/2012/11/02/uprlka-complete-tweet-archive-and-related-visualisation-around-sri-lankas-upr-review/. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Groundviews. (2013). #unlk: Archive and visualisation of tweets on Sri Lanka at HRC’s 22nd session. http://groundviews.org/2013/03/27/unlk-archive-and-visualisation-of-tweets-on-sri-lanka-at-hrcs-22nd-session/. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Hack, M. (2016). The implications of Apple’s battle with the FBI. Network Security, 2016(7), 8–10.
Harrison, F. (2012). Still counting the dead. London: Portobello Books.
Human Rights Watch. (1996). World report 1996 ‘Sri Lanka’. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/WR96/Asia-08.htm#P735_195262. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Journalists for Democracy Sri Lanka. (2016). Media workers killed in Sri Lanka (2004–2010). http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/killed-media-workers. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Macrae, C. (2011). Sri Lanka’s killing fields [Documentary]. London: ITN Productions.
Macrae, C. (2013). No fire zone: In the killing fields of Sri Lanka [Documentary]. London: ITN Productions.
Nadarajah, S. (2005). Sri Lanka’s vernacular press and the peace process. San Francisco: The Asia Foundation (Part of The Sri Lanka Strategic Conflict Assessment 2005).
Nandakumar, T. (2011). Political activism in the Tamil diaspora. Diaspora dialogues for development and peace project. Berlin: Berghof Peace Support; Luzern: Centre for Just Peace and Democracy.
OHCHR. (2015a). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Zeid urges creation of hybrid special court in Sri Lanka as UN report confirms patterns of grave violations. http://www.ohchr.org. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
OHCHR. (2015b). Report of the OHCHR investigation on Sri Lanka (OISL), A/HRC/30/CRP.2. Available from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/OISL.aspx. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Parks, L. (2005). Satellite witnessing: Views and coverage of the war in Bosnia culture. In Orbit: Satellites and the televisual. Durham: Duke University Press.
Reporters Without Borders. (2016). World press freedom index: Sri Lanka. https://rsf.org/en/sri-lanka. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Reuters. (2011). Sri Lanka urges news websites to register after ban. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-srilanka-newswebsites-idUSTRE7A421420111105. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Samaraweera, M. (2016). My dear Mahinda: An open letter from Mangala Samaraweera to ex-President. Sunday Times. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/160515/sunday-times-2/my-dear-mahinda-an-open-letter-from-mangala-samaraweera-to-ex-president-193777.html. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Sivaram, D. (1998). Jaya sikurui: Is it really assured?
Sunday Times. (2010). Chinese here for cyber censorship. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100214/News/nws_02.html. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Sunday Times. (2011). Pressing on. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/010805/plus3.html. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Tamil Guardian. (2016, September 24). Thousands of Tamils from across the North-East stream through the streets of Jaffna # #EzhukaTamil. Twitter. https://twitter.com/TamilGuardian/status/779566569533935616. Accessed 1 Oct 2016.
TamilNet. (2001). Tamil Guardian website hacked. https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=6019. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
TamilNet. (2006). SLAF bombs broadcast tower in Vanni. https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=19944. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
UNESCO. (2015). Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (both sexes, female, male). UIS Data Centre.
UNITAR. (2009). Satellite-detected damages and IDP shelter movement in CSZ, Mulattivu district, Sri Lanka (Updated analysis report [19 April 2009])
United Nations. (2011). Report of the Secretary-General’s panel of experts on accountability in Sri Lanka. http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf. Accessed 01 Sept 2016.
US Department of State. (2009). Report to Congress on incidents during the recent conflict in Sri Lanka. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/131025.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Vittachi, T. (1958). Emergency ‘58: The story of the Ceylon race r iots (A. Deutsch).
Weiss, G. (2012). The cage: The fight for Sri Lanka & the last days of the Tamil Tigers. London: Vintage.
Whitaker, M. (2004). Tamilnet.com: Some reflections on popular anthropology, nationalism, and the Internet. Anthropological Quarterly, 77(3), 469–498.
Whitaker, M. (2006). Learning politics from Sivaram: The life and death of a revolutionary Tamil journalist in Sri Lanka. London: Pluto Press.
Whittaker, M. (2007). Internet counter counter-insurgency: TamilNet.com and ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. In Native on the net: Indigenous and diasporic peoples in the virtual age. London: Routledge.
Whitten-Woodring, J., & James, P. (2012). Fourth estate or mouthpiece? A formal model of media, protest, and government repression. Political Communication, 29(2), 113–136.
World Bank. (2014). World Bank open data. Internet users (per 100 people): Sri Lanka. http://data.worldbank.org. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nandakumar, T. (2017). Digital Technology, Journalism and Politics in Sri Lanka’s Ethnic Conflict. In: Tong, J., Lo, SH. (eds) Digital Technology and Journalism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55026-8_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55026-8_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-55025-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-55026-8
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)