Abstract
Of all the sources of suffering in human life, the encounter with the tragic deaths of loved ones must be among the most compelling. Adopting the view that grieving involves as a central process the attempt to reaffirm or reconstruct a world of meaning that has been challenged by loss, I briefly review the evidence linking an anguished search for meaning to complicated, prolonged and life-limiting forms of grief, and the capacity to make sense of the loss to improved adaptation. I then present several concrete implementations of this perspective in case vignettes of work with grieving clients, illustrating the use of restorative retelling and directed journaling in helping clients integrate the “event story” of the loss itself, and the use of imaginal dialogues and legacy work on reaffirming the positive “back story” of their relationship with their loved one. I close with a coda on the role and limits of meaning reconstruction as a framework for pluralistic practice in alleviating grief-related suffering, and encourage readers to explore its relevance for their own work as therapists.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armour, M. (2003). Meaning making in the aftermath of homicide. Death Studies, 27, 519–540.
Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M., & van den Bout, J. (2006). A cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of complicated grief. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13, 109–128.
Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., van den Hout, M., & van den Bout, J. (2007). Treatment of complicated grief: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 75, 277–284.
Bryant, R., Kenny, L., Joscelyne, A., Rawson, N., Maccallum, F., Cahill, C., Hopwood S, Aderka I, Nickerson, A. (2014). Treating prolonged gried disorder: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1600.
Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Smigelsky, M. A., Gibson, B. W., Ali, K. S., & Clark, K. A. (2015). Risk factors for anticipatory grief in family members of terminally ill veterans receiving palliative care services. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care, 11, 244–266. doi:10.1080/15524256.2015.1110071.
Cacciatore, J. (2012). The kindness project. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of giref therapy: Creative practices for counseling the breaved (pp. 329–331). New York: Routledge.
Coleman, R. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010). Measuring meaning: Searching for and making sense of spousal loss in later life. Death Studies, 34, 804–834.
Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Sense making, grief and the experience of violent loss: Toward a mediational model. Death Studies, 30, 403–428.
Doka, K. (2012). Therapeutic ritual. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of grief therapy: Creative practices for counseling the bereaved (pp. 341–343). New York: Routledge.
Field, N. P., & Bonanno, G. A. (2001). The impact of self-blame and blame toward the deceased on adaptation to conjugal bereavement: A five-year follow-up. American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 764–781.
Greenberg, L. S. (2010). Emotion focused psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hedtke, L. (2012a). Bereavement support groups: Breathing life into stories of the dead. Chagrin Falls: Taos Institute Publications.
Hedtke, L. (2012b). Introducing the deceased. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of grief therapy: Creative practices for counseling the bereaved (pp. 253–255). New York: Routledge.
Hedtke, L., & Winslade, J. (2004). Remembering lives. Amityville: Baywood.
Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Meaning reconstruction in the first two years of bereavement: The role of sense-making and benefit-finding. Omega, 53, 173–191.
Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., Coleman, R. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010). The Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES): Development and initial validation of a new measure. International Journal of Stress Management, 17, 325–352.
Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2014). Validation of the integration of stressful life experiences scale – Short form in a bereaved sample. Death Studies, 38, 234–238. doi:10.1080/07481187.2013.829369.
Janoff-Bulman, R., & Berger, A. R. (2000). The other side of trauma. In J. H. Harvey & E. D. Miller (Eds.), Loss and trauma. Philadelphia: Brunner Mazel.
Jordan, J. R. (2012). Guided imaginal conversations with the deceased. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of grief therapy (pp. 262–265). New York: Routledge.
Keesee, N. J., Currier, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2008). Predictors of grief following the death of one’s child: The contribution of finding meaning. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 1145–1163.
Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
Klass, D., Silverman, P. R., & Nickman, S. (1996). Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Washington: Taylor & Francis.
Lichtenthal, W. G., & Cruess, D. G. (2010). Effects of directed written disclosure on grief and distress symptoms among bereaved individuals. Death Studies, 34, 475–499.
Lichtenthal, W. G., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2012). Directed journaling to facilitate meaning making. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of grief therapy (pp. 161–164). New York: Routledge.
Neimeyer, R. A. (1993). Constructivism and the problem of psychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 3, 133–157.
Neimeyer, R. A. (Ed.). (2001). Meaning reconstruction and the experience of loss. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2002). Lessons of loss: A guide to coping. Memphis: Center for the Study of Loss and Transition.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Narrating the dialogical self: Toward an expanded toolbox for the counselling psychologist. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 19, 105–120.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2009). Constructivist psychotherapy. London/New York: Routledge.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2012a). Chair work. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of grief therapy (pp. 266–273). New York: Routledge.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2012b). Correspondence with the deceased. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of grief therapy (pp. 259–261). New York: Routledge.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2012c). Retelling the narrative of the death. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of grief therapy (pp. 86–90). New York: Routledge.
Neimeyer, R. A. (Ed.). (2012d). Techniques of grief therapy: Creative practices for counseling the bereaved. New York: Routledge.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2015). Meaning in bereavement. In R. E. Anderson (Ed.), World suffering and quality of life. New York: Springer.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2016a). Complicated grief: Assessment and intervention. In J. Cook, S. Gold, & C. Dalenberg (Eds.), APA handbook of trauma psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Neimeyer, R. A. (2016b). Meaning reconstruction in the wake of loss: Evolution of a research program. Behaviour Change. doi:10.1017/bec.2016.4.
Neimeyer, R. A. (Ed.). (2016c). Techniques of grief therapy: Assessment and intervention. New York: Routledge.
Neimeyer, R. A., & Thompson, B. E. (2014). Meaning making and the art of grief therapy. In B. E. Thompson & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Grief and the expressive arts: Practices for creating meaning (pp. 3–13). New York: Routledge.
Neimeyer, R. A., & Young-Eisendrath, P. (2015). Assessing a Buddhist treatment for bereavement and loss: The Mustard seed project. Death Studies, 39, 263–273.
Neimeyer, R. A., Klass, D., & Dennis, M. R. (2014). Mourning, meaning and memory: Individual, communal and cultural narration of grief. In A. Batthyany & P. Russo-Netzer (Eds.), Meaning in existential and positive psychology (pp. 325–346). New York: Springer.
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., Raphael, B., Marwit, S. J., Wortman, C., Neimeyer, R. A., Bonanno, G. A., Block, S. D., Kissane, D., Boelen, P., Maercker, A., Litz, B. T., Johnson, J. G., First, M. B., …, Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), 1–12.
Rubin, S. S. (1999). The Two-Track Model of Bereavement: Overview, retrospect and prospect. Death Studies, 23, 681–714.
Rubin, S. S., Bar Nadav, O., Malkinson, R., Koren, D., & Michaeli, E. (2009). The Two-Track Model of Bereavement Questionnaire (TTBQ): Development and validation of a relational measure. Death Studies, 33, 305–333.
Rubin, S. S., Malkinson, R., & Witztum, E. (2011). Working with the bereaved. New York: Routledge.
Rynearson, E. K. (Ed.). (2006). Violent death. New York: Routledge.
Rynearson, E. K. (2012). Invoking an alliance with the deceased after violent death. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Techniques of grief therapy (pp. 91–94). New York: Routledge.
Rynearson, E. K., & Salloum, A. (2011). Restorative retelling: Revisiting the narrative of violent death. In R. A. Neimeyer, D. Harris, H. Winokuer, & G. Thornton (Eds.), Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: Bridging research and practice (pp. 177–188). New York: Routledge.
Saindon, C., Rheingold, A., Baddeley, J., Wallace, M., Brown, C., & Rynearson, E. K. (2014). Restorative retelling for violent loss: An open clinical trial. Death Studies, 38, 251–258.
Shear, M. K., Frank, E., Houch, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (2005). Treatment of complicated grief: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2601–2608.
Shear, M. K., Boelen, P. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2011). Treating complicated grief: Converging approaches. In R. A. Neimeyer, D. Harris, H. Winokuer, & G. Thornton (Eds.), Grief and bereavement in contemporary society: Bridging research and practice (pp. 139–162). New York: Routledge.
Shear, M. K., Wang, Y., Skriskaya, N., Duan, N., Mauro, C., & Ghesquiere, A. (2014). Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1242.
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23, 197–224.
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2010). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: A decade on. Omega, 61, 273–289.
Thompson, B. E., & Neimeyer, R. A. (Eds.). (2014). Grief and the expressive arts: Practices for creating meaning. New York: Routledge.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Neimeyer, R.A. (2017). Grief Therapy as Intervening in Meaning: Principles and Practices. In: Anderson, R. (eds) Alleviating World Suffering. Social Indicators Research Series, vol 67. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51391-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51391-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51390-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51391-1
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)