Abstract
Recent placebo research has shown that the effectiveness of medical treatments depends not only on specific characteristics, such as pharmacological agents or physical properties, but also on contextual factors, including the patient’s expectations, emotions, and beliefs. This explains why even inert treatments can lead to substantial symptom improvement. The chapter gives a brief overview of findings from placebo studies and discusses possible interrelations with the framework of ‘credition’.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ader R, Cohen N (1975) Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. Psychosom Med 37:333–340
Ader R, Mercurio MG, Walton J, James D, Davis M, Ojha V, Kimball AB, Fiorentino D (2010) Conditioned pharmacotherapeutic effects: a preliminary study. Psychosom Med 72:192–197
Amanzio M, Pollo A, Maggi G, Benedetti F (2001) Response variability to analgesics: a role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids. Pain 90:205–215
Aslaksen PM, Flaten MA (2008) The roles of physiological and subjective stress in the effectiveness of a placebo on experimentally induced pain. Psychosom Med 70:811–818
Aslaksen PM, Bystad M, Vambheim SM, Flaten MA (2011) Gender differences in placebo analgesia: event-related potentials and emotional modulation. Psychosom Med 73:193–199
Bartels DJP, van Laarhoven AIM, Haverkamp EA, Wilder-Smith OH, Donders ART, van Middendorp H, van de Kerkhof PCM, Evers AWM (2014) Role of conditioning and verbal suggestion in placebo and nocebo effects on itch. PLoS One 9
Beecher HK (1955) The powerful placebo. J Am Med Assoc 159:1602–1606
Beecher HK (1956) Relationship of significance of wound to pain experienced. J Am Med Assoc 161:1609–1613
Beissner F, Meissner K, Bar KJ, Napadow V (2013) The autonomic brain: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis for central processing of autonomic function. J Neurosci 33:10503–10511
Benedetti F, Arduino C, Amanzio M (1999) Somatotopic activation of opioid systems by target-directed expectations of analgesia. J Neurosci 19:3639–3648
Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Rosato R, Blanchard C (2011) Nonopioid placebo analgesia is mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Nat Med 17:1228–1230
Bingel U, Wanigasekera V, Wiech K, Ni Mhuircheartaigh R, Lee MC, Ploner M, Tracey I (2011) The effect of treatment expectation on drug efficacy: imaging the analgesic benefit of the opioid remifentanil. Sci Transl Med 3:70ra14
Buchel C, Geuter S, Sprenger C, Eippert F (2014) Placebo analgesia: a predictive coding perspective. Neuron 81:1223–1239
Colloca L, Benedetti F (2009) Placebo analgesia induced by social observational learning. Pain 144:28–34
Colloca L, Lopiano L, Lanotte M, Benedetti F (2004) Overt versus covert treatment for pain, anxiety, and Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol 3:679–684
Colloca L, Petrovic P, Wager TD, Ingvar M, Benedetti F (2010) How the number of learning trials affects placebo and nocebo responses. Pain 151:430–439
de la Fuente-Fernandez R, Ruth TJ, Sossi V, Schulzer M, Calne DB, Stoessl AJ (2001) Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease. Science 293:1164–1166
Di Blasi Z, Kaptchuk TJ, Weinman J, Kleijnen J (2002) Informing participants of allocation to placebo at trial closure: postal survey. BMJ 325:1329
Fehse K, Maikowski L, Simmank F, Gutyrchik E, Meissner K (2015) Placebo responses to original vs generic ASA brands during exposure to noxious heat: a pilot fMRI study of neurofunctional correlates. Pain Med 6(10):1967–1974
Geers AL, Helfer SG, Kosbab K, Weiland PE, Landry SJ (2005) Reconsidering the role of personality in placebo effects: dispositional optimism, situational expectations, and the placebo response. J Psychosom Res 58:121–127
Geers AL, Wellman JA, Fowler SL, Helfer SG, France CR (2010) Dispositional optimism predicts placebo analgesia. J Pain 11:1165–1171
Geuter S, Eippert F, Attar CH, Buchel C (2013) Cortical and subcortical responses to high and low effective placebo treatments. NeuroImage 67:227–236
Goebel MU, Meykadeh N, Kou W, Schedlowski M, Hengge UR (2008) Behavioral conditioning of antihistamine effects in patients with allergic rhinitis. Psychother Psychosom 77:227–234
Hall KT, Loscalzo J, Kaptchuk TJ (2015) Genetics and the placebo effect: the placebome. Trends Mol Med 21:285–294
Horing B, Weimer K, Schrade D, Muth ER, Scisco JL, Enck P, Klosterhalfen S (2013) Reduction of motion sickness with an enhanced placebo instruction: an experimental study with healthy participants. Psychosom Med 75:497–504
Huber D, Veinante P, Stoop R (2005) Vasopressin and oxytocin excite distinct neuronal populations in the central amygdala. Science 308:245–248
Hunter T, Siess F, Colloca L (2014) Socially induced placebo analgesia: a comparison of a pre-recorded versus live face-to-face observation. Eur J Pain 18:914–922
Hyland M (2011) Motivation and placebos: do different mechanisms occur in different contexts? Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 366:1828–1837
Jensen KB, Kaptchuk TJ, Kirsch I, Raicek J, Lindstrom KM, Berna C, Gollub RL, Ingvar M, Kong J (2012) Nonconscious activation of placebo and nocebo pain responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:15959–15964
Kaptchuk TJ, Kelley JM, Conboy LA, Davis RB, Kerr CE, Jacobson EE, Kirsch I, Schyner RN, Nam BH, Nguyen LT et al (2008) Components of placebo effect: randomised controlled trial in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. BMJ 336:999–1003
Kessner S, Sprenger C, Wrobel N, Wiech K, Bingel U (2013) Effect of oxytocin on placebo analgesia: a randomized study. JAMA 310:1733–1735
Kienle GS, Kiene H (1997) The powerful placebo effect: fact or fiction? J Clin Epidemiol 50:1311–1318
Koban L, Ruzic L, Wager TD (2013) Brain predictors of individual differences in placebo responding. In: Colloca L, Flaten MA, Meissner K (eds) Placebo and pain. Elsevier, Burlington, pp 89–101
Kohls N, Sauer S, Offenbächer M, Giordano J (2011) Spirituality – an overlooked predictor of placebo effects? Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 366:1838–1848
Krummenacher P, Candia V, Folkers G, Schedlowski M, Schonbachler G (2010) Prefrontal cortex modulates placebo analgesia. Pain 148:368–374
Levine JD, Gordon NC, Fields HL (1978) The mechanism of placebo analgesia. Lancet 2:654–657
Linde K, Witt CM, Streng A, Weidenhammer W, Wagenpfeil S, Brinkhaus B, Willich SN, Melchart D (2007) The impact of patient expectations on outcomes in four randomized controlled trials of acupuncture in patients with chronic pain. Pain 128:264–271
Lui F, Colloca L, Duzzi D, Anchisi D, Benedetti F, Porro CA (2010) Neural bases of conditioned placebo analgesia. Pain 151:816–824
Mackenbach JP (2005) On the survival of the altruistic trait in medicine: is there a link with the placebo effect? J Clin Epidemiol 58:433–435
Meissner K (2009) Effects of placebo interventions on gastric motility and general autonomic activity. J Psychosom Res 66:391–398
Meissner K (2011) The placebo effect and the autonomic nervous system: evidence for an intimate relationship. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 366:1808–1817
Meissner K (2014) Placebo responses on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory organ functions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 225:183–203
Meissner K, Linde K (2013) What are the best placebos for the treatment of pain? In: Colloca L, Flaten MA, Meissner K (eds) Placebo and pain. Elsevier, Burlington, pp 235–242
Meissner K, Ziep D (2011) Organ-specificity of placebo effects on blood pressure. Auton Neurosci Basic Clin 164:62–66
Meissner K, Distel H, Mitzdorf U (2007) Evidence for placebo effects on physical but not on biochemical outcome parameters: a review of clinical trials. BMC Med 5:3
Meissner K, Bingel U, Colloca L, Wager TD, Watson A, Flaten MA (2011) The placebo effect: advances from different methodological approaches. J Neurosci 31:16117–16124
Meissner K, Fassler M, Rucker G, Kleijnen J, Hrobjartsson A, Schneider A, Antes G, Linde K (2013) Differential effectiveness of placebo treatments: a systematic review of migraine prophylaxis. JAMA Intern Med 173:1941–1951
Meyer B, Yuen KS, Ertl M, Polomac N, Mulert C, Buchel C, Kalisch R (2015) Neural mechanisms of placebo anxiolysis. J Neurosci 35:7365–7373
Montgomery G, Kirsch I (1996) Mechanisms of placebo pain reduction: an empirical investigation. Psychol Sci 7:174–176
Morton DL, Watson A, El-Deredy W, Jones AK (2009) Reproducibility of placebo analgesia: effect of dispositional optimism. Pain 146:194–198
Olness K, Ader R (1992) Conditioning as an adjunct in the pharmacotherapy of lupus-erythematosus. J Dev Behav Pediatr 13:124–125
Petersen GL, Finnerup NB, Grosen K, Pilegaard HK, Tracey I, Benedetti F, Price DD, Jensen TS, Vase L (2014) Expectations and positive emotional feelings accompany reductions in ongoing and evoked neuropathic pain following placebo interventions. Pain 155:2687–2698
Petrovic P, Dietrich T, Fransson P, Andersson J, Carlsson K, Ingvar M (2005) Placebo in emotional processing--induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network. Neuron 46:957–969
Petrovic P, Kalso E, Petersson KM, Andersson J, Fransson P, Ingvar M (2010) A prefrontal non-opioid mechanism in placebo analgesia. Pain 150:59–65
Rief W, Glombiewski JA (2012) The hidden effects of blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trials: an experimental investigation. Pain 153:2473–2477
Rief W, Glombiewski JA, Gollwitzer M, Schubo A, Schwarting R, Thorwart A (2015) Expectancies as core features of mental disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 28:378–385
Ronel J, Mehilli J, Ladwig KH, Blattler H, Oversohl N, Byrne RA, Bauer A, Schneider S, Linde K, Henningsen P (et al) (2011) Effects of verbal suggestion on coronary arteries: results of a randomized controlled experimental investigation during coronary angiography. Am Heart J 162:507–511
Schienle A, Ubel S, Schongassner F, Ille R, Scharmuller W (2014) Disgust regulation via placebo: an fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 9:985–990
Schweinhardt P, Seminowicz DA, Jaeger E, Duncan GH, Bushnell MC (2009) The anatomy of the mesolimbic reward system: a link between personality and the placebo analgesic response. J Neurosci 29:4882–4887
Scott DJ, Stohler CS, Egnatuk CM, Wang H, Koeppe RA, Zubieta JK (2008) Placebo and nocebo effects are defined by opposite opioid and dopaminergic responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:220–231
Seitz RJ, Angel HF (2012) Processes of believing – a review and conceptual account. Rev Neurosci 23:303–309
Seitz RJ, Angel HF (2015) Psychology of religion and spirituality: meaning-making and processes of believing. Relig Brain Behav 5:139–147
Shapiro AK, Morris LA (1978) The placebo effect in medical and psychological therapies. In: Garfield SL, Bergin AE (eds) Handbook of psychotherapy and behaviour change. Wiley, New York, pp 369–410
Sugiura M, Seitz RJ, Angel HF (2015) Models and neural bases of the believing process. J Behav Brain Sci 5:12
Theodoridou A, Rowe AC, Penton-Voak IS, Rogers PJ (2009) Oxytocin and social perception: oxytocin increases perceived facial trustworthiness and attractiveness. Horm Behav 56:128–132
Viviani D, Charlet A, van den Burg E, Robinet C, Hurni N, Abatis M, Magara F, Stoop R (2011) Oxytocin selectively gates fear responses through distinct outputs from the central amygdala. Science 333:104–107
Waber RL, Shiv B, Carmon Z, Ariely D (2008) Commercial features of placebo and therapeutic efficacy. JAMA 299:1016–1017
Wager TD, Atlas LY, Leotti LA, Rilling JK (2011) Predicting individual differences in placebo analgesia: contributions of brain activity during anticipation and pain experience. J Neurosci 31:439–452
Zimmermann-Viehoff F, Meissner K, Koch J, Weber CS, Richter S, Deter HC (2013) Autonomic effects of suggestive placebo interventions to increase or decrease blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial in healthy subjects. J Psychosom Res 75:32–35
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Meissner, K. (2017). Believing in the Effectiveness of Treatment: From Placebo to Credition and Back. In: Angel, HF., Oviedo, L., Paloutzian, R., Runehov, A., Seitz, R. (eds) Processes of Believing: The Acquisition, Maintenance, and Change in Creditions. New Approaches to the Scientific Study of Religion , vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50924-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50924-2_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-50922-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-50924-2
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)