Abstract
An example is presented to illustrate the joint effect of local reaction equilibria and mass transfer limitations, for reactions during ladle refining of steel. The example relies on some of the kinetic principles that David Robertson has employed to quantify many metallurgical processes. In calcium treatment of alumina inclusions in aluminum-killed steels, solid CaS forms as an intermediate reaction product. During subsequent reaction, CaS disappears and calcium aluminate forms; at the same time, aluminum and sulfur dissolve in the steel. Kinetic analysis shows that the rate of this reaction is not limited by mass transfer of dissolved aluminum and sulfur away from the reacting inclusions. The reaction rate is likely limited by transport of dissolved calcium. This example also illustrates the use of FactSage macros for kinetic modeling.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G.M. Faulring, J.W. Farrell and D.C. Hilty, “Steel flow through nozzles: influence of calcium,” I&SM, 7 (2) (1980), 14–20.
N. Verma, P.C. Pistorius, R.J. Fruehan, M. Potter, M. Lind and S.R. Story, “Transient inclusion evolution during modification of alumina inclusions by calcium in liquid steel: Part II. Results and discussion,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 42 (2011), 720–729.
M. Hino, K. Ito, Thermodynamic data for steelmaking (Sendai, Japan: Tohuku University Press, 2010), 16–17.
W. Tiekink, R. Boertje, R. Boom, R. Kooter, and B. Deo, “Aspects of CaFe cored wire injection into steel,” ISSTech 2003 Conf. Proc, Iron and Steel Society, Warrendale, PA, 2003, 157–164.
R.I.L. Guthrie, Engineering in Process Metallurgy, second edition (Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press, 1991), 64.
C.W. Bale, P. Chartrand, S.A. Decterov, G. Eriksson, K. Hack, R. Ben Mahfoud, J. Melançon, A.D. Pelton and S. Petersen, “FactSage Thermochemical Software and Databases.” Calphad, 26 (2002), 189–228.
C. W. Bale, E. Bélisle, P. Chartrand, S. A. Decterov, G. Eriksson, K. Hack, I.-H. Jung, Y.-B. Kang, J. Melançon, A. D. Pelton, C. Robelin and S. Petersen, “FactSage Thermochemical Software and Databases -Recent Developments,” Calphad, 33 (2009), 295–311.
M.-A. van Ende, Y.-M. Kim, M.-K. Cho, J. Choi and I.-H. Jung, “A kinetic model for the Ruhrstahl Heraeus (RH) degassing process,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 42 (2011), 477–489.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society)
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pistorius, P.C. (2014). Ladle Metallurgy Kinetics: Inclusion-Inclusion Reactions. In: Mackey, P.J., Grimsey, E.J., Jones, R.T., Brooks, G.A. (eds) Celebrating the Megascale. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48234-7_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48234-7_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-48591-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-48234-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)