Abstract
Singapore is a multi-racial, multi-ethnic and multi-religious country in which one does not have to look very hard to find active engagement with religion among many of its residents. There are numerous churches, mosques, temples and the like that operate in the country as well as religiously-linked charitable and other civil society organisations. While the government of Singapore is formally religiously uncommitted, it does not promote atheism and there is no formal separation of state and religion. Indeed, references to the diverse religious commitments of the peoples of Singapore are made in public speeches and debates, including in Parliament, and, for example, by the recognition of public holidays linked to Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist and Christian traditions. The special status of the Malay Muslim community in Singapore is also recognised in the Constitution of Singapore and in legislation that establishes Sharia (local spelling ‘Syariah’) courts in the country
Singapore is, however, concerned about maintaining ‘religious harmony’ and there are frequent, and recent, references to the need not to take racial and religious harmony for granted. As such, the state has equipped itself with strong legislative powers to manage religious harmony. While these powers are not actually exercised often, they make it clear that the state can step in to secure religious harmony if it feels it necessary to do so. While this model may raise concerns in the eyes of some, one should consider it in response to local demographic and other conditions and ask if it fits the context. More generally, perhaps a model of robust management of religious harmony might be salutary for other highly plural environments as well. In addition to outlining the scene in Singapore, this chapter also raises these questions.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Original Enactment: S 1/63) available at: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg.
- 3.
Cap. 3, 2009 Rev Ed. Emphasis added.
- 4.
On this see the Singapore case of Shafeeg bin Salim Talib v Fatimah bteAbud bin Talib [2010] 2 SLR 1123 (CA).
- 5.
Cap. 375, 1985 Rev Ed.
- 6.
Cap. 50, 2006 Rev Ed.
- 7.
Cap. 311, 1985 Rev Ed.
- 8.
Under section 3(4) of the Women’s Charter (Cap 353, 2009 Rev Ed) Muslims in Singapore cannot get married under ‘secular law’ but must undertake a Muslim marriage.
- 9.
Cap 311, 2014 Rev Ed.
- 10.
Cap. 224, 2008 Rev Ed.
- 11.
Cap. 290, 2013 Rev Ed.
- 12.
Cap. 143, 1985 Rev Ed.
- 13.
Cap. 338, 1998 Rev Ed.
- 14.
Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev Ed.
- 15.
Ibid., pp 11–12.
- 16.
Ibid., p 16.
- 17.
- 18.
Singapore Parliamentary Reports, (10th Parliament, 2nd Session) Volume 80, Sitting 1 (18 April 2005) (http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/report.jsp?currentPubID=00004697-WA)
- 19.
Singapore Parliamentary Reports, (10th Parliament, 2nd Session) Volume 80, Sitting 1 (18 April 2005) (http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/report.jsp?currentPubID=00004697-WA)
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Cap 131A, 2012 Rev Ed.
- 24.
Singapore. Report of the Select Committee on the Human Organ Transplant Bill (Bill No 26/86). See Paper 5 from The MajlisUgama Islam Singapura (MUIS, or ‘The Islamic Religious Council of Singapore’) and Paper 7 from The Catholic Medical Guild of Singapore.
- 25.
Singapore Parliament Reports (Hansard) (10th Parliament, 1st Session) Volume 77, Sitting 1 (5 January 2004) (http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00000766-WA¤tPubID=00004650-WA&topicKey=00004650-WA.00000766-WA_1%2B%2B).
- 26.
Singapore Parliament Reports (Hansard) (12th Parliament, 1st session) Volume 89, Sitting 8 (15 October 2012) (http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/report.jsp?currentPubID=00078007-WA).
- 27.
Ibid. One can note that Mr Lien made the point earlier in the debate of stating that he is a Catholic.
- 28.
Ibid. Italics added for clarity of identification.
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Acknowledgement
My thanks to Eugene K.B. Tan for his review of an earlier draft of this chapter and for highlighting points to be corrected and to Tan Zhong Xing for generously helping me to locate relevant information. What weaknesses errors remain are, of course, solely my responsibility
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Jamal, A.A. (2016). Managing Religion Through “Religious Harmony”: The Case of Singapore. In: Bottoni, R., Cristofori, R., Ferrari, S. (eds) Religious Rules, State Law, and Normative Pluralism - A Comparative Overview. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28335-7_20
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