Abstract
Polysaccharides are cellular structural components found in the three domains of life. Polysaccharides possess immune enhancement, anticancer, antioxidant, and antiviral activities. Mushrooms are the fungi that have been used as food and medicines for long time in the Oriental countries. One of main categories of active components from mushrooms is recently identified as polysaccharides. The present work summarizes the preparation, extraction, purification, and characterization along with quantitative analysis of polysaccharides from mushrooms. It reflects on current status of this research area with a view for future direction. This will certainly promote the nutritional, medicinal, and nutraceutical use for mushroom polysaccharides.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- BRM:
-
Biological response modifiers
- EAE:
-
Enzyme-assisted extraction
- FT-IR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectrometry
- GC-MS:
-
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HIPEF:
-
High intensity pulsed electric fields
- HPE:
-
High pressure extraction
- HPSEC:
-
High performance size exclusion chromatography
- MAE:
-
Microwave-assisted extraction
- MALDI-TOF MS:
-
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- SWE:
-
Subcritical water extraction
- UAE:
-
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction
References
Baker JR, Kim JS, Park SY (2008) Composition and proposed structure of a water-soluble glycan from the Keumsa Sangwhang mushroom (Phellinus linteus). Fitoterapia 79:345–350
Barzana E, Rubio D, Santamaria RI, Garcia-Correa O, Garcia F, Ridaura Sanz VE, López-Munguía A (2002) Enzyme-mediated solvent extraction of carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta). J Agric Food Chem 50:4491–4496
Beattie KD, Rouf R, Gander L, May TW, Ratkowsky D, Donner CD, Gill M, Grice ID, Tiralongo E (2010) Antibacterial metabolites from Australian macrofungi from the genus Cortinarius. Phytochemistry 71:948–955
Bertozzi CR, Rabuka D (2009) Chapter 2: Structural basis of glycan diversity. In: Varki A, Cum-mings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, Hart GW, Etzler ME (eds) Essentials of glycobiology, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
Bhanja SK, Rout D, Patra P, Sen IK, Nandan CK, Islam SS (2014) Water-insoluble glucans from the edible fungus Ramaria botrytis. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 3(2):52–58
Brauer D, Kimmons T, Phillips M (2002) Effects of management on the yield and high-molecular-weight polysaccharide content of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms. J Agric Food Chem 50:5333–5337
Camelini CM, Maraskin M, De Mendonca MM, Zucco C, Ferreira AG, Tavares LA (2005) Structural characterization of beta-glucans of Agaricus brasiliensis in different stages of fruiting body maturity and their use in nutraceutical products. Biotechnol Lett 27:1295–1299
Cha YJ, Alam N, Lee JS, Lee KR, Shim MJ, Lee MW, Kim HY, Shin PG, Cheong JC, Yoo YB, Lee TS (2012) Anticancer and immunopotentiating activities of crude polysaccharides from Pleurotus nebrodensis on mouse sarcoma 180. Mycobiology 40:236–243
Chen JC, Lai PF, Shen HS, Zhen HG, Fang RT (2013) Effect of extraction methods on polysaccharide of Clitocybe maxima Stipe. Adv J Food Sci Tech 5(3):370–373
Deng C, Hu Z, Fu HT, Hu MH, Xu X, Chen JH (2012) Chemical analysis and antioxidant activity in vitro of a β-d-glucan isolated from Dictyophora indusiata. Int J Biol Macromol 51:70–75
Dong Q, Wang Y, Shi L, Yao J, Li J, Ma F, Ding K (2012) A novel water-soluble β-d-glucan isolated from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Res 353:100–105
Du Bois M, Gilles KA, Hamitton JK, Reders PA, Smith F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 28:350–356
Eshtiaghi MN, Knorr D (2002) High electric field pulse pretreatment: potential for sugar beet processing. J Food Eng 52:265–272
Fang J, Wang Y, Lv X, Shen X, Ni X, Ding K (2012) Structure of a β-glucan from Grifola frondosa and its antitumor effect by activating Dectin-1/Syk/NF-κB signaling. Glycoconjugate J 29:365–377
Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Lombardo G (2008) The medicinal mushrooms Agaricus blazei Murrill: review of literature and pharmaco-toxicological problems. Evid Based Complement Alternat 5:3–15
Guerra Dore CM, Azevedo TC, de Souza MC, Rego LA, de Dantas JC, Silva FR, Rocha HA, Baseia IG, Leite EL (2007) Antiinflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic actions of β-glucan-rich extract from Geastrum saccatum mushroom. Int Immunopharmacol 7:1160–1169
Han ZH, Ye JM, Wang GF (2013) Evaluation of in vivo antioxidant activity of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 52:66–71
Huang P, Xie M, Nie S, Chen Y, Li C, Xie J (2007) Study on microwave- assisted extraction of polysaccharides from spores of Ganoderma atrum with response surface analysis. Food Sci 28:200–203
Hung WT, Wang SH, Chen YT, Yu HM, Chen CH, Yang WB (2012) MALDI-TOF MS analysis of native and permethylated or benzimidazole-derivatized polysaccharides. Molecules 17(5):4950–4961
Hwang HJ, Kim SW, Choi JW, Jong-Won Yun JW (2003) Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides from submerged culture of Phellinus linteus KCTC 6190. Enzyme Microb Tech 33:309–319
Kalac P (2009) Chemical composition and nutritional value of European species of wild growing mushrooms: A review. Food Chem 113:9–16
Kang SC, Koo HJ, Park S, Lim JD, Kim YJ, Kim T, Namkoong S, Jang KH, Pyo S, Jang SA, Sohn EH (2013) Effects of β-glucans from Coriolus versicolor on macrophage phagocytosis are related to the Akt and CK2/Ikaros. Int J Biol Macromol 57:9–16
Kim GY, Park HS, Nam BH, Lee SJ, Lee JD (2003) Purification and characterization of acidic proteo-heteroglycan from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng. Bioresour Technol 89(1):81–87
Kim YW, Kim KH, Choi HJ, Lee DS (2005) Anti-diabetic activity of β-glucans and their enzymatically hydrolyzed oligosaccharides from Agaricus blazei. Biotechnol Lett 27:483–487
Ko YT, Lin YL (2004) 1,3-Beta-glucan quantification by a fluorescence microassay and analysis of its distribution in foods. J Agric Food Chem 52:3313–3318
Kozarski M, Klaus A, Niksic M, Jakovljevic D, Helsper JPFG, Van Griensven LJLD (2011) Antioxidative and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharide extracts of the medicinal mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus. Food Chem 129(4):1667–1675
Kues U, Liu Y (2000) Fruiting body production in basidiomycete. Appl Microbiol Biot 54:141–152
Kumari M, Survase SA, Singhal RS (2008) Production of schizophyllan using Schizophyllum commune NRCM. Bioresour Technol 99(5):1036–1043
Li YG, Ji DF, Zhong S, Zhu JX, Chen S, Hu GY (2011) Anti-tumor effects of proteoglycan from Phellinus linteus by immunomodulating and inhibiting Reg IV/EGFR/Akt signaling pathway in colorectal carcinoma. Int J Biol Macromol 48(3):511–517
Li B, Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP (2013a) Structural investigation of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the fruit bodies of Coprinus comatus. Carbohydy Polym 91:314–321
Li NS, Yan CY, Hua DH, Zhang DZ (2013b) Isolation, purification, and structural characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Ganoderma capense. Int J Biol Macromol 57:285–290
Li CT, Mao XX, Xu BJ (2013c) Pulsed electric field extraction enhanced anti-coagulant effect of fungal polysaccharide from Jew’s ear (Auricularia auricula). Phytochem Anal 24(1):36–40
Liu B, Xu DC (2007) Research process of fungal polysaccharides. China Beet Sugar 3:26–29
Liu YF, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Tang QJ, Zhou S, Wu D, Zhang JS (2013) Structural characteristics and hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharides from Coprinus comatus. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 2(2):164–169
Llamas I, Amjres H, Mata JA, Quesada E, Béjar V (2012) The potential biotechnological applications of the exopolysaccharide produced by the halophilic bacterium Halomonas almeriensis. Molecules 17(6):7103–7120
Lou GQ, Zhang YZ, Li ZY, Liu X, Liu YK (2010) Research on sub-critical water extraction of lentinan. J Northeast Agric Univ 41(2):138–142 (In Chinese)
Maity S, Mandal EK, Maity K, Bhunia SK, Behera B, Maiti TK, Mallick P, Sikdar SR, Islam SS (2013) Structural study of an immunoenhancing polysaccharide isolated from an edible hybrid mushroom of Pleurotus florida and Lentinula edodes. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 1(1):72–80
Manzi P, Pizzoferrato L (2000) Beta-glucans in edible mushrooms. Food Chem 68:315–318
Manzi P, Gambelli L, Marconi S, Vivanti V, Pizzoferrato L (1999) Nutrients in edible mushrooms: an inter-species comparative study. Food Chem 65:477–482
Manzi P, Aguzzi A, Pizzoferrato L (2001) Nutritional value of mushrooms widely consumed in Italy. Food Chem 78:321–325
Mao CF, Hsu MC, Hwang WH (2007) Physicochemical characterization of grifolan: thixotropic properties and complex formation with congo red. Carbohydy Polym 68:502–510
Mattila P, Salo-Vaananen P, Konko K, Aro H, Jalava T (2002) Basic composition and amino acid contents of mushrooms cultivated in Finland. J Agric Food Chem 50:6419–6422
Minato K, Mizuno M, Terai H, Tsuchida H (1999) Autolysis of lentinan, an antitumor polysaccharide, during storage of Lentinus edodes, shiitake mushrooms. J Agric Food Chem 47:1530–1532
Mishra S, Singh RB (2010) Effect of mushroom on the lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and liver functions of aging Swiss albino rats. Open Nutraceuticals J 3:248–253
Mizono M, Minato K, Tsuchida H (1996) Preparation and specificity of antibodies to an anti-tumor glucan, lentinan. Biochem Mol Biol Int 39:679–685
Mizuno T, Sakai T, Chihara G (1995) Health foods and medicinal usages of mushrooms. Food Rev Int 11(1):69–81
Mizuno T, Minato K, Kawakami S, Tatsuoka S, Denpo Y, Tsuchida H (2001) Contents of anti-tumor polysaccharides in certain mushrooms and their immunomodulating activities. Food Sci Tech Res 7(1):31–34
Mulloy B, Hart GW, Stanley P (2009) Chapter 47: Structural analysis of glycans. In: Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, Hart GW, Etzler ME (eds) Essentials of glycobiology, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York
Nataraj S, Schomäcker R, Kraume M, Mishra IM, Drews A (2008) Analyses of polysaccharide fouling mechanisms during crossflow membrane filtration. J Membrane Sci 308(1–2):152–161
Nie SP, Zhang H, Li WJ, Xie MY (2013) Current development of polysaccharides from Ganoderma: Isolation, structure and bioactivities. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 1(1):10–20
Nitschke J, Modick H, Busch E, von Rekowski RW, Altenbach HJ, Mölleken H (2011) A new colorimetric method to quantify β-1,3-1,6-glucans in comparison with total β-1,3-glucans in edible mushrooms. Food Chem 127(2):791–796
Ookushi Y, Sakamoto M, Azuma J (2006) Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from the fruiting body of mushrooms. J Appl Glycosci 53:267–272
Pan Y, Hao Y, Chu TW, Li CQ, Zhang ZF, Zhou Y (2010) Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, chemical characterization of polysaccharides from Yunzhi mushroom and its effect on osteoblast cells. Carbohydy Polym 80(3):922–926
Park SK, Kim GY, Lim JY, Kwak JY, Bae YS, Lee JD, Oh YH, Ahn SC, Park YM (2003a) Acidic polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus linteus induce phenotypic and functional maturation of murine dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 312(2):449–458
Park YK, Ikegaki M, Alencar SM, Aguiar CL (2003b) Determination of β-glucan concentration in Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom by an enzymatic method. Ciênc Tecnol Aliment 23(3):312–316
Parniakov O, Lebovka NI, Van Hecke E, Vorobiev E (2014) Pulsed electric field assisted pressure extraction and solvent extraction from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Food Bioprocess Tech 7(1):174–183
Passos CP, Yilmaza S, Silvaa CM, Coimbrab MA (2009) Enhancement of grape seed oil extraction using a cell wall degrading enzyme cocktail. Food Chem 115:48–53
Prasad KN, Yang E, Yi C, Zhao MM, Jiang YM (2009) Effects of high pressure extraction on the extraction yield, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of longan fruit pericarp. Innov Food Sci Emerg 10:155–159
Puri M, Sharma D, Barrow CJ (2012) Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactives from plants. Trends Biotechnol 30(1): 37–44
Ren L, Perera C, Hemar Y (2012) Antitumor activity of mushroom polysaccharides: a review. Food Funct 3:1118–1130
Rhee SJ, Cho SY, Kim KM, Cha DS, Park HJ (2008) A comparative study of analytical methods for alkali-soluble β-glucan in medicinal mushroom, Chaga (Inonotus obliquus). Food Sci Tech 41(3):545–549
Sen IK, Maji PK, Behera B, Maiti TK, Mallick P, Sikdar SR, Islam SS (2013) Glucan of a somatic hybrid mushroom, pfls1h: structural characterization and study of immunological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 53:127–132
Shibata A, Hida TH, Ishibashi K, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Ohno N (2012) Disruption of actin cytoskeleton enhanced cytokine synthesis of splenocytes stimulated with beta-glucan from the cauliflower medicinal mushroom, Sparassis crispa Wulf.:Fr. (higher Basidiomycetes) in vitro. Int J Med Mushrooms 14:257–269
Smiderle FR, Carbonero ER, Mellinger CG, Sassaki GL, Gorin PA, Iacomini M (2006) Structural characterization of a polysaccharide and a beta-glucan isolated from the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes. Phytochemistry 67:2189–2196
Soares AA, de Sá-Nakanishi AB, Bracht A, da Costa SMG, Koehnlein EA, de Souza CGM, Peralta RM (2013) Hepatoprotective effects of mushrooms. Molecules 18:7609–7630
Stanley P, Cummings RD (2009) Chapter 13: Structures common to different glycans. In: Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, Hart GW, Etzler ME (eds) Essentials of glycobiology, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York
Susanto H, Arafat H, Janssen EML, Ulbricht M (2008) Ultrafiltration of polysaccharide–protein mixtures: elucidation of fouling mechanisms and fouling control by membrane surface modification. Sep Purif Technol 63(3):558–565
Synytsya A (2008) Mushrooms of Genus pleurotus as a source of dietary fibres and glucans for food supplements. Czech J Food Sci 26(6):441–446
Tang J, Li DL, Du B, Yang GM, Wen SN (2012) Method for extracting mushroom polysaccharide by using ultra-high pressure. CN 101323649 B
Tian YT, Zeng HL, Xu ZB, Zheng BD, Lin YX, Gan CJ, Lo YM (2012) Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides recovered from white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Carbohydy Polym 88(2):522–529
Villares A, Mateo-Vivaracho L, Guillamón E (2012) Structural features and healthy properties of polysaccharides occurring in mushrooms. Agriculture 2:452–471
Wasser SP (2002) Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotecnol 60:258–274
Wasser SP, Weis AL (1999) Medicinal properties of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms: current perspectives (Review). Int J Med Mushrooms 1:31–62
Whistler RL (1965) Methods in carbohydrate chemistry, vol 5. Academic, New York, pp 5–6
Wu Y, Cui SW, Tang J, Gu XH (2005) Optimization of extraction process of crude polysaccharides from boat-fruited sterculia seeds by response surface methodology. Food Chem 105:1599–1605
Xi HQ, Yuan GL, Du B, Yang GM (2010a) Ultra high pressure extraction of lentinan from mushroom. Modern Food Sci Technol 26(9):991–993 (In Chinese)
Xi XG, Wei XL, Wang YF, Chu QJ, Xiao JB (2010b) Determination of tea polysaccharides in Camellia sinensis by a modified phenol-sulfuric acid method. Arch Biol Sci 62(2):669–676
Xie J, Zhao J, Hu DJ, Duan JA, Tang YP, Li SP (2012) Comparison of polysaccharides from two species of Ganoderma. Molecules 17:740–752
Xing XH, Cui SW, Nie SP, Phillips GO, Goff HD, Wang Q (2013) A review of isolation process, structural characteristics, and bioactivities of water-soluble polysaccharides from Dendrobium plants. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 1(2):131–147
Xu S, Xu X, Zhang L (2012) Branching structure and chain conformation of water-soluble glucan extracted from Auricularia auricula-judae. J Agric Food Chem 60:3498–3506
Xu CH, Tian ZL, Zhang CJ, Yu XB, Zheng HH (2014) Optimization of enzyme assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Eng Sci 12(1):17–20
Yang YC, Li J, Zu YG, Fu YJ, Luo M, Wu N, Liu XL (2010) Optimization of microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction of corilagin and geraniin from Geranium sibiricum Linne and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Food Chem 122:373–380
Yang L, Qu H, Mao G, Zhao T, Li F, Zhu B, Zhang B, Wu X (2013) Optimization of subcritical water extraction of polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa using response surface methodology. Pharmacogn Mag 9:120–129
Yin YG, Cui YR, Wang T (2008) Study on extraction of polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus by high intensity pulsed electric fields. Trans Chin Soc Agr Mach 39(2):1–4 (In Chinese)
Zhang M (2007) Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumor activity. Trends Food Sci Tech 18:4–19
Zhang SQ, Zhu JJ, Wang CZ (2004) Novel high pressure extraction technology. Int J Pharm 278:471–474
Zhang ZZ, Li SF, Xue ZH, Huang C (2010) Optimization of polysaccharide extraction from Pleurotus eryngii using ultrasound and the moisturizing effect of extracted material. Acta Edulis Fungl 17(02):80–83
Zhang YY, Li S, Wang XH, Zhang LN, Cheung PCK (2011a) Advances in lentinan: isolation, structure, chain conformation and bioactivities. Food Hydrocolloid 23:196–206
Zhang Z, Lv G, Pan H, Shi L, Fan L (2011b) Optimization of the microwave-assisted extraction process for polysaccharides in himematsutake (Agaricus blazei Murrill) and evaluation of their antioxidant activities. Food Sci Technol Res 17:461–470
Zhao J, Cui LN, Sun JM, Cao Y, Zhang H (2010) Antioxidative activity of polysaccharide fractions isolated from Tricholoma Matsutake Sing. with ultrafiltration. J Life Sci 4(3):17–20
Zhou S, Liu YF, Yang Y, Jia W, Tang QJ, Tang CH, Feng N, Zhang JS (2013) Separation and structural elucidation of a polysaccharide CC30w-1 from the fruiting body of Coprinus comatus. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 1(2):99–104
Zhu L, Luo X, Tang Q, Liu Y, Zhou S, Yang Y, Zhang J (2013) Isolation, purification, and immunological activities of a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from the Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (higher Basidiomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 15(4):407–414
Zhu TB, Kim SH, Chen CY (2008) A medicinal mushroom: Phellinus linteus. Curr Med Chem 15:1330–1335
Acknowledgments
This research was jointly supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Project code: S2012010008961), and a research grant (UICRG 201402) from Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Zhu, F., Du, B., Xu, B. (2014). Preparation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Mushrooms. In: Ramawat, K., Mérillon, JM. (eds) Polysaccharides. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_10-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_10-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-03751-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics