Abstract
This chapter examines the history of plague in Brazil and its internalization in the country in the first half of the twentieth century, paying equal attention to global dynamics of plague studies and how Brazil interacted with them. Firstly, the chapter discusses plague as a problem located in the Brazilian ports and how Brazil took part in a global war against the rats. The chapter then discusses the internalization of plague in different rural and wild settings around the world and the emergence of the idea of sylvatic plague—the plague among wild rodents living in desertic environments. The chapter moves back to Brazil in the 1930s, when plague became a rural disease in the North-East of the country, examining important studies on the role of rats and wild rodents spreading the disease there. Finally, the chapter explores the growing fears in the 1940s that the plague could invade the Amazon and other rainforest regions. The chapter argues that during most of these fifty years, plague was framed in Brazil as a global scourge because its main spreaders, domestic rats, were seen as a universal menace present in every port and rural area of the world. It was only at the end of the period examined in the chapter that it gained a tropical dimension in Brazil, when the idea of sylvatic plague started to be understood as jungle plague, which constituted an original reinterpretation of the concept.
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Notes
- 1.
All translations from French, Portuguese, and Spanish sources were made by the chapter’s author.
- 2.
Despite being categorized as a sole entity, the use of the term domestic rats in France, Brazil, and elsewhere commonly embraced two different species: the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus).
- 3.
Ricardo Jorge (1899) identified the arrival of plague to Porto in 1899, one of the most important outbreaks in Europe during the Third Plague Pandemic.
- 4.
Zoology Elton Archive: Correspondence about sylvatic plague 1938–1939, Bodleian Library, Catalogued Archives and MSS 606612154, CN 222/1/1.
- 5.
It does not mean, though, that plague completely disappeared from the coast. For instance, Fortaleza, an important port and capital city of Ceará, was touched in 1934, which created a momentum for those missions. See Fialho (1935, 183).
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Funding
Research leading to this chapter was funded by the Wellcome Trust [grant ID 217988/Z/19/Z] for the project “The Global War Against the Rat and the Epistemic Emergence of Zoonosis”.
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Silva, M.A.D.d. (2024). From Universal Rats to Future Jungle Foci: Actors and Places of Plague in Brazil (1899–1940s). In: Capocci, M., Cozzoli, D. (eds) Empire, Nation-building, and the Age of Tropical Medicine, 1885–1960. Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38805-7_7
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