Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Overview of the Turkish-Kurdish Conflict Narratives and Their Effects on Intergroup Relations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Political Psychology of Kurds in Turkey

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Political Psychology ((PSPP))

Abstract

Previous research has identified five qualitatively different narratives of the Turkish-Kurdish conflict. These conflict narratives can be summarized as follows: (1) a terrorism narrative that describes the problem as stemming mainly from the PKK; (2) an economic narrative that describes the problem as stemming from economic backwardness and class-related differences in the Kurdish region; (3) a democracy and Islam narrative that describes the problem as stemming from Turkey’s nation-state ideology which was based on Turkishness and excluded Kurds, and suggests an Islamic fellowship that brings Turks and Kurds together under a Muslim identity; (4) a democracy and rights narrative according to which the problem stems from a lack of implementation of democracy and denial of rights to the Kurds; and (5) an independence narrative that describes the problem as one based in need for independence for Kurds. In this chapter, I aim to discuss the (a) content of these narratives and how they were identified, (b) antecedents of these narratives, and (c) outcomes of endorsing these narratives from a social-psychological perspective. Finally, I will conclude the chapter by providing future directions for researchers who work on narratives in conflict and post-conflict societies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adelman, L., Leidner, B., Ünal, H., Nahhas, E., & Shnabel, N. (2016). A whole other story: Inclusive victimhood narratives reduce competitive victimhood and intergroup hostility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(10), 1416–1430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216662868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrighetto, L., Mari, S., Volpato, C., & Behluli, B. (2012). Reducing competitive victimhood in Kosovo: The role of extended contact and common ingroup identity. Political Psychology, 33(4), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00887.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashburn-Nardo, L. (2018). What can allies do? In A. J. Colella & E. B. King (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of workplace discrimination (pp. 373–386). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagci, S. Ç., Piyale, Z. E., Şen, E., & Karaköse, S. (2021). Rekabetçi mağduriyet algısını yordamada gruplar arası arkadaşlıklar, dış grubun bakış açısını alma ve iç grupla özdeşleşmenin rolü [The role of cross-group friendships, outgroup perspective-taking, and ingroup identification on competitive victimhood beliefs]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 37(88), 72–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagci, S. C., Stathi, S., & Acar, B. (2022). Intergroup contact among majority and minority status groups in Turkey: Extending theory and practice. In H. Cakal & S. Husnu (Eds.), Examining complex intergroup relations through the lens of Turkey (pp. 239–275). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003182436-14.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bagci, S. C., Stathi, S., & Piyale, Z. E. (2019a). When imagining intergroup contact mobilizes collective action: The perspective of disadvantaged and advantaged groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 69, 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.12.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagci, S. C., Stathi, S., & Piyale, Z. E. (2019b). Imagined contact facilitates acculturation, Sometimes: Contradicting evidence from two sociocultural contexts. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(4), 539–552. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagci, S. C., Turnuklu, A., & Tercan, M. (2020). Positive intergroup contact decreases the likelihood that prejudicial attitudes become avoidant behavioral tendencies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), 597–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bağcı, S. Ç., & Çelebi, E. (2017). Etnik ve ulusal kimlikler ile dış grup tutumları ilişkisinde çatışma algısı ve dış gruba sorumluluk yükleme. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 32(80), 63–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Tal, D. (2013). Intractable conflicts: Socio-psychological foundations and dynamics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025195.

  • Baysu, G., & Coşkan, C. (2018). Reconciliation and intergroup forgiveness: The case of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 19(5), 748–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2018.1484287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baysu, G., Coşkan, C., & Duman, Y. (2018). Can identification as Muslim increase support for reconciliation? The case of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 64, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.02.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilali, R. (2014). The downsides of national identification for minority groups in intergroup conflicts in assimilationist societies. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bocheńska, J. (2018). Humanising the actors and working through the conflict: The role of Kurdish literary narratives and culture in the reconciliation process in Turkey. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 12, a636–a636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cakal, H., & Petrović, N. (2017). Intergroup contact and ingroup identification as predictors intergroup attitudes and forgiveness in the Serbian context: The moderating role of exposure to positive information. Primenjena Psihologija, 10(4), 477–497. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.4.477-497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Case, K. A. (2012). Discovering the privilege of Whiteness: White women’s reflections on anti-racist identity and ally behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 68, 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01737.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cehajic, S., Brown, R., & Castano, E. (2008). Forgive and forget? Antecedents and consequences of intergroup forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Political Psychology, 29(3), 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00634.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çelebi, E., Verkuyten, M., Köse, T., & Maliepaard, M. (2014). Out-group trust and conflict understandings: The perspective of Turks and Kurds in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 40, 64–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.02.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çelik, A. B. (2005). Transnationalization of human rights norms and its impact on internally displaced Kurds. Human Rights Quarterly, 27, 969–997. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2005.0032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Çelik, A. B., & Blum, A. (2007). Track II interventions and the Kurdish question in Turkey: An analysis using a theories of change approach. International Journal of Peace Studies, 12, 51–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çelik, A. B., & Kantowitz, R. (2009). Trauma and forgiveness: Comparing experiences from Turkey and Guatemala. In S. Bloch-Schulman, & W. David (Eds.), Forgiveness: Probing the boundaries (pp. 179–190). Inter-Disciplinary Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çoymak, A. (2018). Kimmiş o ayrılıkçı: Türkiye’de uzun süredir devam eden Türk-Kürt çatışmasının çoklu sosyal kimlik dinamiklerini çözümlemek. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 21(Özel Sayı), 38–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, K., Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A metaanalytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 332–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, J., Durrheim, K., Tredoux, C., Tropp, L., Clack, B., & Eaton, L. (2010). A paradox of integration? Interracial contact, prejudice reduction, and perceptions of racial discrimination. Journal of Social Issues, 66, 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01652.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ergin, M. (2014). The racialization of Kurdish identity in Turkey. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.729672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ertem, G. (2018). Gezi Uprising: Performative democracy and politics of the body in an extended space of appearance. In S. Foellmer, M. Lünenborg & C. Raetzsch (Eds.), Media practices, social movements, and performativity: Transdisciplinary approaches (pp. 81–99). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315455938-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Göregenli, M. (2010). Psikolojinin Kürt sorunuyla imtihanı. Eleştirel Psikoloji Bülteni, 3–4, 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harth, N. S., & Shnabel, N. (2015). Third-party intervention in intergroup reconciliation: The role of neutrality and common identity with the other conflict party. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(5), 676–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430215583151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornsey, M. J., & Wohl, M. J. (2013). We are sorry: Intergroup apologies and their tenuous link with intergroup forgiveness. European Review of Social Psychology, 24(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2013.822206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahalon, R., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & SimanTov-Nachlieli, I. (2019). Power matters: The role of power and morality needs in competitive victimhood among advantaged and disadvantaged groups. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(2), 452–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, S., Elliott, M., & Shmueli, D. (2003). Frames, framing and reframing. Beyond intractability. Retrieved from http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/framing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaval, C. (2021). Predictors of competitive victimhood beliefs in Turkey’s Kurdish conflict: Turkish and Kurdish group context (Unpublished Master’s dissertation).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, H. C. (2008). Reconciliation from a social-psychological perspective. In A. Nadler, T. Malloy, & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), Social psychology of intergroup reconciliation (pp. 15–32). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300314.003.0002.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kirişçi, K., & Winrow, G. M. (1997). The Kurdish question and Turkey: An example of a trans-state ethnic conflict. Frank Cass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Louis, W. R., Thomas, E., Chapman, C. M., Achia, T., Wibisono, S., Mirnajafi, Z., & Droogendyk, L. (2019). Emerging research on intergroup prosociality: Group members’ charitable giving, positive contact, allyship, and solidarity with others. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 13(3), e12436. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maloku, E., Derks, B., Van Laar, C., & Ellemers, N. (2016). Building national identity in newborn Kosovo: Challenges of integrating national identity with ethnic identity among Kosovar Albanians and Kosovar Serbs. In S. McKeown, R. Haji & N. Ferguson (Eds.), Understanding peace and conflict through social identity theory: Contemporary and world-wide perspectives (pp. 245–260). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29869-6_16.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Masson, C. N., & Verkuyten, M. (1993). Prejudice, ethnic identity, contact and ethnic group preferences among Dutch young adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01058.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, S. M., Uluğ, Ö. M., & Acar, Y. G. (2019). Doing research in conflict contexts: Practical and ethical challenges for researchers when conducting fieldwork. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 25(1), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mummendey, A., Klink, A., & Brown, R. (2001). Nationalism and patriotism: National identification and out-group rejection. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Negy, C., Shreve, T. L., Jensen, B. J., & Uddin, N. (2003). Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and ethnocentrism: A study of social identity versus multicultural theory of development. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.9.4.333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noor, M., Brown, R., Gonzalez, R., Manzi, J., & Lewis, C. A. (2008). On positive psychological outcomes: What helps groups with a history of conflict to forgive and reconcile with each other? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(6), 819–832. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208315555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Nadler, A. (2012). When suffering begets suffering: The psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312440048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odağ, Ö., Uluğ, Ö. M., & Solak, N. (2016). “Everyday I am çapuling”: Çapulcu identity and collective action through social network sites in the Gezi Park protests. Journal of Media Psychology, 28(3), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrove, J. M., & Brown, K. T. (2018). Are allies who we think they are?: A comparative analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(4), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özpek, B. B. (2017). The peace process between Turkey and the Kurds: Anatomy of a failure. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315122182.

  • Paluck, E. L., Green, S. A., & Green, D. P. (2019). The contact hypothesis re-evaluated. Behavioural Public Policy, 3(2), 129–158. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2018.25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. S., Ferguson, D. L., & Tate, J. D. (1997). Intergroup attitudes among ethnic minority adolescents: A causal model. Child Development, 68, 955–969. https://doi.org/10.2307/1132044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saraçoğlu, C. (2011). Şehir, orta sınıf ve Kürtler: İnkar’dan “tanıyarak dışlama”ya. [City, middle class and Kurds: From denial to exclusive recognition]. İletişim Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvanathan, H. P., Lickel, B., & Dasgupta, N. (2020). An integrative framework on the impact of allies: How identity-based needs influence intergroup solidarity and social movements. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 1344–1361. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shnabel, N., & Nadler, A. (2008). A needs-based model of reconciliation: Satisfying the differential emotional needs of victim and perpetrator as a key to promoting reconciliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 116–132. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., Branscombe, N. R., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2012). Competitive victimhood as a response to accusations of ingroup harm doing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 778–795. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şen, E., & Coşkan, C. (2021). The role of ethnic, national and superordinate identities and perceptions of power in understanding Kurds’ attitudes about reconciliation in “Turkish-Kurdish conflict.” EASP Seedcorn Grant Report. Retrieved from: https://www.easp.eu/news/itm/easp_seedcorn_grant_report_by_er-1236.html.

  • Tan, A. (2008). Kürt sorunu [Kurdish problem]. Timaş Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tropp, L. R., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2005). Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science, 16, 951–957. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01643.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tropp, L. R., & Uluğ, Ö. M. (2019). Are White women showing up for racial justice? Intergroup contact, closeness to people targeted by prejudice, and collective action. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(3), 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319840269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tropp, L. R., Uluğ, Ö. M., & Uysal, M. S. (2021). How intergroup contact and communication about group differences predict collective action intentions among advantaged groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.10.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M. (2016). A Q methodological investigation of the Kurdish conflict frames among parliamentarians, experts and lay people in Turkey [Doctoral dissertation, Jacobs University Bremen]. Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen. https://212.201.46.70/frontdoor/index/index/docId/563.

  • Uluğ, Ö. M. (2023). “Dayanışma ezilenlerin inceliğidir”: Etnik kimlikle özdeşimin ve çatışma söylemlerinin farklı gruplarla dayanışmadaki rolü [“Solidarity is the kindness between peoples”: The role of and ethnic identification conflict narratives in solidarity between different groups]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 38, 62–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., & Acar, Y. G. (2019). ‘Names will never hurt us’: A qualitative exploration of çapulcu identity through the eyes of Gezi Park protesters. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(3), 714–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., Baysu, G., & Leidner, B. (2023). How does ingroup identification predict forgiveness in post-conflict societies? The role of conflict narratives. British Journal of Social Psychology, 62, 910-931. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12608.

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., Bilali, R., Karasu, M., & Malo, L. (2021b). Obstacles to reconciliation and forgiveness among victim groups of unacknowledged past trauma and genocide. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(2), 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2740.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., Chayinska, M., Schreiber, J. A., & Taylor, L. K. (2022a). Allyship action in conflict settings: Development of a typology for future research in an emerging field. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., & Cohrs, J. C. (2016). An exploration of lay people’s Kurdish conflict frames in Turkey. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 22(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., & Cohrs, J. C. (2017a). How do experts differ from politicians in understanding a conflict? A comparison of Track-I and Track-II actors. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 35(2), 147–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.21208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., & Cohrs, J. C. (2017b). “Who will resolve this conflict if the politicians don’t?”: Understandings of the Kurdish conflict among members of Parliament in Turkey. International Journal of Conflict Management, 28(2), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-10-2015-0071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., & Cohrs, J. C. (2017c). “If we become friends, maybe I can change my perspective”: Intergroup contact, endorsement of conflict narratives, and peace-related attitudes in Turkey. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23(3), 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., & Cohrs, J. C. (2019). Examining the ethos of conflict by exploring lay people’s representations of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 36(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894216674969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., Lickel, B., Leidner, B., & Hirschberger, G. (2021a). How do conflict narratives shape conflict- and peace-related outcomes? The role of competitive victimhood in intractable conflicts. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(5), 797–814. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220915771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., McLamore, Q., Leidner, B., & Hirschberger, G. (2022b). How can we turn non-allies into allies? The role of inclusive victimhood narratives in achieving justice and peace. Manuscript submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., Odağ, Ö., Cohrs, J. C., & Holtz, P. (2017). Understanding the Kurdish conflict through the eyes of Kurdish and Turkish lay people: Do ethnicity and region make a difference? International Journal of Conflict Management, 28(4), 483–508. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-05-2016-0035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., & Tropp, L. R. (2021). Witnessing racial discrimination shapes collective action for racial justice: Enhancing awareness of privilege among advantaged groups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51(3), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uluğ, Ö. M., & Uysal, M. S. (2023). The role of ethnic identification, allyship and conflict narratives in supporting pro-minority policies among majority and minority groups in conflict contexts. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 29(2), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000388.

  • Verkuyten, M., & Yildiz, A. A. (2006). The endorsement of minority rights: The role of group position, national context, and ideological beliefs. Political Psychology, 27, 527–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00525.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wijeyesinghe, C. L., Griffin, P., & Love, B. (1997). Racism curriculum design. In M. Adams, L. A. Bell, & P. Griffin (Eds.), Teaching for diversity and social justice: A sourcebook (pp. 82–109). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zdrenka, M., Yogeeswaran, K., Stronge, S., & Sibley, C. G. (2015). Ethnic and national attachment as predictors of wellbeing among New Zealand Europeans, Māori, Asians, and Pacific Nations peoples. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49, 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.07.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK

    Özden Melis Uluğ

Authors
  1. Özden Melis Uluğ
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Özden Melis Uluğ .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ankara, Türkiye

    Ercan Şen

  2. Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

    Elif Sandal Önal

  3. Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena

    Mete Sefa Uysal

  4. University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

    Yasemin Gülsüm Acar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Uluğ, Ö.M. (2023). An Overview of the Turkish-Kurdish Conflict Narratives and Their Effects on Intergroup Relations. In: Şen, E., Sandal Önal, E., Sefa Uysal, M., Acar, Y.G. (eds) The Political Psychology of Kurds in Turkey. Palgrave Studies in Political Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33291-3_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation