Abstract
The digital computer constitutes a metamedium, hosting all previous media of human communication – speech, writing, printing, cinema, radio, television – while simultaneously supporting new media forms and communicative practices, from the World Wide Web and smartphone apps to the home appliances and traffic systems of an emerging Internet of Things. Digitalization is reemphasizing the point that, more than representations of reality, media afford resources for acting in and on reality as well. This chapter takes stock of research on the ongoing transition to digital infrastructures of human communication and culture, and its implications for the understanding and study of intermediality. The chapter, first, situates metamedia within the long history of human communication, characterizing media as technologies, institutions, as well as discourses. The second section reviews digital media and communication studies since the 1990s, with special reference to the diverse flows of one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many communication on digital platforms. Third, the chapter elaborates on the relationship between metamedia and metacommunication: the many implicit meanings that both anticipate and accompany the transmission or sharing of information. Whereas all human communication is framed and facilitated by metacommunication, the concept has acquired a distinctive and strategic importance in the context of digital media, as their users communicate many-to-one, into the system, leaving behind bit trails with unforeseen, and unforeseeable, applications and abuses. The final section, accordingly, addresses some of the ethical and political implications of metamedia, considering a principle of habeas data to complement the classic principle of habeas corpus.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbate, Janet. 1999. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Agre, Philip E. 1994. Surveillance and capture: Two models of privacy. The Information Society 10 (2): 101–127.
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. 2nd ed. London: Verso.
Austin, John L. 1962. How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bakhtin, M.M. 1981. The dialogic imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Baldwin, Richard. 2016. The great convergence: Information technology and the new globalization. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press.
Barthes, Roland. 1967. Elements of semiology. New York: Hill and Wang. 1964.
———. 1973. Mythologies. London: Paladin. 1957.
Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an ecology of mind. London: Granada.
Baym, Nancy K. 2015. Personal connections in the digital age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bell, Daniel. 1973. The coming of post-industrial society. New York: Basic Books.
Bell, David, and Barbara M. Kennedy, eds. 2000. The cybercultures reader. London: Routledge.
Benedikt, Michael, ed. 1991. Cyberspace: First steps. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Beniger, James. 1986. The control revolution: Technological and economic origins of the information society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bennett, Lance W., and Alexandra Segerberg. 2012. The logic of connective action: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics. Information, Communication & Society 15 (5): 739–768.
Berger, Peter L., and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The social construction of reality. London: Allen Lane.
Berners-Lee, Tim. 1999. Weaving the web: The original design and ultimate destiny of the world wide web by its inventor. San Francisco: Harper.
Boyd, Danah M., and Nicole B. Ellison. 2007. Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13 (1): 210. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html.
Brand, Stewart. 1987. The media lab: Inventing the future at MIT. New York: Viking.
Briggs, Asa, Peter Burke, and Espen Ytreberg. 2020. A social history of the media. 4th ed. Cambridge: Polity.
Bruns, Axel. 2008. Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and beyond: From production to produsage. New York: Peter Lang.
Bunz, Mercedes, and Graham Meikle. 2018. The internet of things. Cambridge: Polity.
Bush, Vannevar. 1999. As we may think. In Computer media and communication: A reader, ed. Paul A. Mayer. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Original edition, 1945.
Carey, James W. 1989. A cultural approach to communication. In Communication as culture, ed. James W. Carey, 13–36. Boston: Unwin Hyman. Original edition, 1975.
Castells, Manuel. 1996. The rise of the network society. Oxford: Blackwell.
Castells, Manuel, Mireia Fernández-Ardèvol, Jack Linchuan Qiu, and Araba Sey. 2007. Mobile communication and society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Doneda, Danilo, and Laura Schertel Mendes. 2014. Data protection in Brazil: New developments and current challenges. In Reloading data protection: Multidisciplinary insights and contemporary challenges, ed. Serge Gutwirth, Ronald Leenes, and Paul de Hert, 3–20. New York: Springer.
Fiske, John. 1987. Television culture. London: Methuen.
Gibson, William. 1984. Neuromancer. New York: Ace.
Giddens, Anthony. 1979. Central problems in social theory. London: Macmillan.
———. 1984. The constitution of society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Goffman, Erving. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor Books.
———. 1974. Frame analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Greenfield, Adam. 2006. Everyware: The dawning age of ubiquitous computing. Indianapolis: New Riders.
Guadamuz, Andrés. 2001. Habeas data vs the European data protection directive. Journal of Information, Law & Technology (3). https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/
Gunkel, David J. 2020. An introduction to communication and artificial intelligence. Cambridge: Polity.
Halavais, Alexander. 2018. Search engine society. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity.
Hanusch, Folker, and Phoebe Marres. 2021. News production. In A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies, ed. Klaus Bruhn Jensen, 93–111. London/New York: Routledge.
Highfield, Tim. 2016. Social media and everyday politics. Cambridge: Polity.
Hjelmslev, Louis. 1963. Prolegomena to a theory of language. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1943.
Howard, Philip N. 2015. Pax Technica: How the internet of things may set us free or lock us up. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Humphreys, Lee, Veronica Karnowski, and Thilo von Pape. 2018. Smartphones as metamedia: A framework for identifying the niches structuring smartphone use. International Journal of Communication 12: 2793–2809.
Innis, Harold A. 1951. The bias of communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
———. 1972. Empire and communications. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1950.
ITU. 2021. Individuals using the Internet, 2005–2021. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx. Accessed 1 June, 2022.
Jacko, Julie A., ed. 2012. The human-computer interaction handbook: Fundamentals, evolving technologies, and emerging applications. 3rd ed. New York: CRC Press.
Jensen, Klaus Bruhn. 1991. When is meaning? Communication theory, pragmatism, and mass media reception. In Communication yearbook, ed. James Anderson, 3–32. Newbury Park: Sage.
———. 1993. One person, one computer: The social construction of the personal computer. In The computer as medium, ed. Peter Bøgh Andersen, Berit Holmqvist, and Jens F. Jensen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2013. How to do things with data: Meta–data, meta–media, and meta–communication. First Monday 18 (10). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v18i10.4870. http://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/4870
———. 2021a. The humanistic sources of media and communication research. In A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies, ed. Klaus Bruhn Jensen, 25–53. London/New York: Routledge.
———. 2021b. A theory of communication and justice. London/New York: Routledge.
———. 2022. Media convergence: The three degrees of network, mass, and interpersonal communication. 2nd ed. London/New York: Routledge.
Jensen, Klaus Bruhn, and Rasmus Helles. 2011. The internet as a cultural forum: Implications for research. New Media & Society 13 (4): 517–533.
———. 2017. Speaking into the system: Social media and many-to-one communication. European Journal of Communication 32 (1): 16–25.
———, eds. 2023. Comparing communication systems: The internets of China, Europe, and the United States. London/New York: Routledge.
Jones, Steven G., ed. 1998. Cybersociety 2.0. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Katz, Elihu. 1959. Mass communication research and the study of popular culture: An editorial note on a possible future for this journal. Studies in Public Communication 2: 1–6.
Kay, Alan, and Adele Goldberg. 1999. Personal dynamic media. In Computer media and communication: A reader, ed. Paul A. Mayer, 111–119. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Original edition, 1977.
Kristeva, Julia. 1984. Revolution in poetic language. New York: Columbia University Press. 1974.
Levy, Mark. 1992. Symposium: Virtual reality: A communication perspective. Journal of Communication 42 (4): 4–172.
Ling, Rich. 2012. Taken for grantedness: The embedding of mobile communication into society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ling, Rich, Gerard Goggin, Leopoldina Fortunati, Sun Lim, and Yuling Li, eds. 2020. The Oxford handbook of mobile communication and society. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lobkowicz, Nicholas. 1967. Theory and practice: History of a concept from Aristotle to Marx. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Lomborg, Stine, and Kirsten Frandsen. 2016. Self-tracking as communication. Information, Communication & Society 19 (7): 1015–1027.
Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, and Kenneth Cukier. 2013. Big Data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
McLuhan, Marshall. 1962. The Gutenberg Galaxy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
———. 1964. Understanding media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1962. Phenomenology of perception. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. 1945.
Murdock, Graham. 2013. Communication in common. International Journal of Communication 7: 154–172.
Negroponte, Nicholas. 1995. Being digital. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Nissenbaum, Helen. 2011. A contextual approach to privacy online. Dædalus 140: 32–48.
Park, David W., and Jefferson Pooley, eds. 2008. The history of media and communication research: Contested memories. New York: Peter Lang.
Peters, John Durham. 1999. Speaking into the air: A history of the idea of communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
———. 2015. The marvelous clouds: Toward a philosophy of elemental media. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Plantin, Jean-Christophe, Carl Lagoze, Paul N. Edwards, and Christian Sandvig. 2018. Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook. New Media & Society 20 (1): 293–310.
Porat, Marc. 1977. The information economy: Definition and measurement. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Rettberg, Jill Walker. 2013. Blogging. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity.
Rosen, Devan, ed. 2022. The social media debate: Unpacking the social, psychological, and cultural effects of social media. London/New York: Routledge.
Ruesch, Jurgen, and Gregory Bateson. 1987. Communication: The social matrix of psychiatry. New York: Norton. 1951.
Rule, James B. 2019. Contextual integrity and its discontents: A critique of Helen Nissenbaum’s normative arguments. Policy & Internet 11 (3): 260–279.
Scannell, Paddy. 2000. For-anyone-as-someone structures. Media, Culture & Society 22 (1): 5–24.
———. 2012. History, media, and communication. In A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies, ed. Klaus Bruhn Jensen, 219–234. London/New York: Routledge.
Schmidt, Kjeld, and Liam Bannon. 2013. Constructing CSCW: The first quarter century. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 23 (4–6): 345–372.
Scott, Craig, and Laurie Lewis, eds. 2017. The international encyclopedia of organizational communication, 4 vols. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
Searle, John R. 1969. Speech acts. London: Cambridge University Press.
Simonson, Peter, Janice Peck, Robert T. Craig, and John P. Jackson, eds. 2013. The handbook of communication history. New York: Routledge.
Smythe, Dallas W. 1977. Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory 1 (3): 1–27.
Turing, Alan. 1965. On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungs problem. In The undecidable, ed. Martin Davis. New York: Raven Press. Original edition, 1936.
Turkle, Sherry. 1984. The second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon & Schuster.
———. 1995. Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster.
van Dijck, José. 2013. The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
van Dijck, José, Thomas Poell, and Martijn de Waal, eds. 2018. The platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Warren, Samuel D., and Louis D. Brandeis. 1890. The right to privacy. Harvard Law Review IV (5). http://www.lawrence.edu/fast/BOARDMAW/Privacy_brand_warr2.html
Watzlawick, Paul, Janet H. Beavin, and Don D. Jackson. 1967. Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes. New York: Norton.
Webster, James G. 2014. The marketplace of attention: How audiences take shape in a digital age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Weinberg, Alvin M. 1961. The impact of large-scale science in the United States. Science 134 (3473): 161–164.
Weller, Katrin, Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, Merja Mahrt, and Cornelius Puschmann, eds. 2014. Twitter and society. New York: Peter Lang.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical investigations. London: Macmillan.
Woolley, Samuel C., and Philip N. Howard, eds. 2018. Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. New York: Public Affairs.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Bruhn Jensen, K. (2024). Intermediality and Metamediality: From Analog Representations to Digital Resources. In: Bruhn, J., Azcárate, A.LV., de Paiva Vieira, M. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Intermediality. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28322-2_57
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28322-2_57
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-28321-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-28322-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities