Abstract
In this chapter, the authors provide an overview of the current gender situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s, North Macedonia’s, and Serbia’s police and judicial systems to draw conclusions with regard to their gender equality status. Our findings show that there are common trends in legal and policy developments in all three countries promoting gender equality, as well as in women’s representation in police and judicial systems. Thus, the findings indicate that, despite some progress in the last decade, women continue to face numerous challenges and obstacles in achieving full and equal participation in these professions. Overall, our findings indicate a need to improve women’s gender equality status within the police and judiciary by enforcing more focused and proactive measures.
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Notes
- 1.
BiH has taken significant steps toward the implementation of the UNSCR 1325 by adopting and implementing three national action plans covering the periods 2010–2013, 2014–2017, and 2018–2022. Strategic goals imposed in these action plans include increased participation of women in the military, police, and peace missions and in decision-making positions; an increased level of human security through the gender equality prism; and improved conditions of and approach to the implementation of actions] plans (Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees of B&H [MHRR B&H] & Agency for Gender Equality of B&H [AGE B&H], 2018).
- 2.
Police ranks in BiH are as follows (from lowest to highest): police officer, senior police officer, sergeant, senior sergeant, junior inspector, inspector, senior inspector, independent inspector, chief inspector (the highest rank that a police officer can attain during their career), inspector general (a police rank assigned to appointed commissioners at the cantonal level or deputy directors in other police agencies), and chief inspector general (a police rank assigned to elected directors of police agencies).
- 3.
That is, given an advantage in the case of equal qualifications and achievements (Plevljak & Kržalić, 2021).
- 4.
This case was reported to the Federal Ministry of the Interior. After an internal investigation was conducted within the Ministry, disciplinary proceedings were initiated against the reported police officer. Once the disciplinary responsibility of the police officer was established, a disciplinary sanction was imposed by the Law on Police Officers of the Federation of BiH and the Rulebook on the Disciplinary Responsibility of Police Officers of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (Jozić, 2021).
- 5.
There are ten cantonal courts and 28 municipal courts (with eight departments of municipal courts outside their seat).
- 6.
There are seven district commercial courts and 28 basic courts (with seven departments of basic courts outside their seats).
- 7.
These courts comprise the higher commercial court and seven district commercial courts.
- 8.
District prosecutor’s offices have four subsidiary offices.
- 9.
It consists of 16 members, and its mission is to maintain an independent, impartial, and professional judiciary (CDL, 2011).
- 10.
The survey included 969 respondents (10 percent of the BiH judiciary), of which 31 percent were judges, 9 percent non-judicial staff, 36 percent prosecutors, 4 percent attorneys, 19 percent notaries, and 0.4 percent court expert witnesses (HJPC BiH, 2020b).
- 11.
Research has identified three types of inactive women: women who are not searching for a job mainly because of discouragement and low self-esteem; women who are facing barriers to activity mainly because of unpaid care work in a form of household duties and care of family members; and women whose major barriers are their culture, conservative views, and traditional household relations (Mojsoska-Blazevski et al., 2017, p. 76).
- 12.
The initiative to establish this Network was given by the Association of Police Chiefs of Southeast Europe (SEPCA), and the Network was established on 26 and 27 March 2009, in Belgrade (South East Europe Police Chiefs Association, 2010).
- 13.
It is measured by working hours and free time hours, personal development, and well-being.
- 14.
Quantitative research was conducted on a representative sample of women aged 18 to 74 living in Serbia. A total of 2,023 face-to-face interviews were conducted between April and August 2018. The data are weighted based on the known population profile.
- 15.
In July 2018, the Government of Serbia submitted its first report on the implementation of the Istanbul Convention to the GREVIO Committee (prepared by the Coordination Body for Gender Equality). Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) submitted three alternative reports.
- 16.
The Law on Prevention of Domestic Violence is aimed ar “enablinf effective prevention of domestic violence and urgent, timely and efficient protection and support for victims of domestic violence.” The Law entered into force on 1 June 2017.
- 17.
The Law applies to the protection of victims of the crimes defined in the Criminal Code (article 4): stalking (article 138a of the Criminal Code); rape (article 178 of the Criminal Code); copulation with a helpless person (article 179 of the Criminal Code); copulation with a child (article 180 of the Criminal Code); sexual intercourse through abuse of position (article 181 of the Criminal Code); prohibited sexual acts (article 185 of the Criminal Code); sexual harassment (article 182a of the Criminal Code); procurement of sexual services (article 183 of the Criminal Code); mediation in prostitution (article 184 of the Criminal Code); exhibition, procurement, and possession of pornographic materials and exploiting juveniles for pornography (article 185 of the Criminal Code); inducing a child to attend sexual acts (article 185a of the Criminal Code); neglecting and abusing juveniles (article 193 of the Criminal Code); failure to provide maintenance (article 195 of the Criminal Code); violation of family duties (article 196 of the Criminal Code); incest (article 197 of the Criminal Code); human trafficking (article 388 of the Criminal Code); and other crimes if the act is the consequence of domestic violence.
- 18.
As a result of their implementation among other things, there was an increase in the total number of women in the security system by 4.13% (from 27.40% in 2010 to 31.53% in 2015); the total number of women in decision-making positions in the security system increased by 5.21% (from 14.47% in 2010 to 19.68% in 2015); the participation of women from the security system in international cooperation activities has increased; all forms of education in the army and police have been opened up to women’s participation; a large number of activities aimed at educating employees in the security system in the field of gender equality have been implemented; initiatives have been launched to amend existing strategic and normative documents or to draft new ones to prevent violence against women; some effective measures have been taken to support women to better reconcile their professional and family roles (Vlada Republike Srbije, 2016). Furthermore, media campaigns were successfully conducted regarding the employment of women in the operational staff of the army and police and for the admission of women to the Military Academy, the Military Gymnasium, and the Academy of Criminalistics and Police Studies.
- 19.
Agenda officially entered into force on 1 January 2016, following the adoption of the Resolution (adopted by the General Assembly on Work of the Statistical Commission of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)). This document is aimed at addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, and climate change, but also to improve access to healthcare and education and build strong institutions and partnerships.
- 20.
A study conducted in Germany “Emotional women – cold-blooded men” tried to answer the question of whether and to what extent stressful situations affect the functioning of police officers. One of the results of the research was expressed through the opinion that a weak man shows feelings, but when a woman becomes weak, she is not suitable for policing (Franzke & Wiese, 1997).
- 21.
The feminization of judicial duties is a confirmed European trend, but it is not so evident in some European countries, as well as in some Eastern European countries, which have a high percentage of men in the judiciary. “There is no feminization in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ireland, Malta, Norway, England, Wales, and Scotland,” the report said. In contrast, the judiciary in Croatia is one of the most feminized, and the trends that the CEPEJ warns about when it comes to this country are especially evident in courts and state attorney’s offices because women are 15% more than the average in the countries of the Council of Europe; as many as 70% of judicial and 68% of attorney’s duties are carried out by women. At lower levels, this share is even more evident. Along with Serbia and Croatia, Greece has a significantly higher share of women in the judiciary with 71%, Romania has 74%, Latvia has 78%, and Slovenia has as much as 79%. The average in the countries of the Council of Europe is about 53%. Although 27 countries out of 45 that submitted these data have a higher share of women in the total number of judges, the average “has been spoiled” by Azerbaijan with 88% of judges being men, Armenia with 75%, Scotland with 74%, Morocco with 73%, England with 66%, Ireland with 65%, and Iceland with 62% of judges being male. As many as 11 countries have exclusively men at the head of second-instance courts (Council of Europe, 2020).
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Deljkić, I., Sazdovska, M.M., Spasić, D. (2023). Gender Balance in the Criminal Justice System: Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, and Serbia. In: Stanojoska, A., Dimovski, D., Maksimova, E. (eds) The Handbook on Female Criminality in the Former Yugoslav Countries. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27628-6_10
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