Abstract
This chapter examines the safety risks faced by Zimbabwean journalists as they conduct their day-to-day professional work in online spaces. Given that journalists in Africa are increasingly utilising and adopting social media tools for news production and distribution, it is timely to examine the drawbacks of using these digital technologies. The chapter contributes to the growing scholarship that unpacks how different social actors such as government officials and the public are using digital tools to silence and discipline journalists. It analyses the nature of online harassment and the coping strategies employed by journalists as they navigate the difficult terrain. This study uses the concepts of reciprocal journalism and audience engagement to demonstrate the experiences of Zimbabwean journalists with online harassment. Data is drawn from interviews with 18 participants that include 15 journalists and 3 digital security trainers. Findings demonstrate that online harassment is a huge problem in a politically polarised context such as Zimbabwe. This has undermined the efforts of journalists to engage with audiences in online spaces.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baroni, A., d’Haenens, L., & Lo, W. H. (2022). Protecting Journalists from Harassment: Comparing Existing Protection Mechanisms and the Effects on Democracy. In J. Trappel & T. Tomaz (Eds.), Success and Failure in News Media Performance: Comparative Analysis in The Media for Democracy Monitor 2021 (pp. 59–77). Goteborg.
Belair-Gagnon, V., Nelson, J. L., & Lewis, S. C. (2019). Audience Engagement, Reciprocity, and the Pursuit of Community Connectedness in Public Media Journalism. Journalism Practice, 13(5), 558–575.
Bowling, N. A., & Beehr, T. A. (2006). Workplace Harassment from the Victim’s Perspective: A Theoretical Model and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 998–1012.
Chen, G. M., Pain, P., Chen, V. Y., Mekelburg, M., Springer, N., & Troger, F. (2020). You Really Have to Have a Thick Skin: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on How Online Harassment Influences Female Journalists. Journalism, 21(7), 877–895.
Chuma, W., Msimanga, M. J., & Tshuma, L. A. (2020). Succession Politics and Factional Journalism in Zimbabwe: A Case of the Chronicle in Zimbabwe. African Journalism Studies, 41(1), 35–48.
Citron, D. K. (2014). Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. Harvard University Press.
Deery, S., Walsh, J., & Guest, D. (2011). Workplace Aggression: The Effects of Harassment on Job Burnout and Turnover Intentions. Work, Employment and Society, 25(4), 742–759.
González, R. A., & Rodelo, F. V. (2020). Double-edged Knife: Practices and Perceptions of Technology and Digital Security Among Mexican Journalists in Violent Contexts. Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society, 3(1), 22–42.
Henrichsen, J. R. (2020). Breaking Through the Ambivalence: Journalistic Responses to Information Security Technologies. Digital Journalism, 8(3), 328–346.
Holton, A. E., Bélair-Gagnon, V., Bossio, D., & Molyneux, L. (2021). “Not Their Fault, but Their Problem”: Organizational Responses to the Online Harassment of Journalists. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417
Jamil, S. (2019). Culture of Impunity and Safety of Journalists: Is Safe Journalism a Distant Dream in Pakistan? Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies, 1, 51–66.
Kim, C., & Shin, W. (2022). Harassment of Journalists and Its Aftermath: Anti-Press Violence, Psychological Suffering, and an Internal Chilling Effect. Digital Journalism.
Lewis, S. C., Holton, A. E., & Coddington, M. (2014). Reciprocal Journalism. Journalism Practice, 8(2), 229–241.
Lewis, S. C., Zamith, R., & Coddington, M. (2020). Online Harassment and Its Implications for the Journalist–Audience Relationship. Digital Journalism, 8(8), 1047–1067.
Mabweazara, H. M. (2011). Between the Newsroom and the Pub: The Mobile Phone in the Dynamics of Everyday Mainstream Journalism Practice in Zimbabwe. Journalism, 12(6), 692–707.
Mabweazara, H. M. (2014). Digital Technologies and Evolving African Newsroom’: Toward an African Digital Journalism Epistemology. Digital Journalism, 2(1), 2–11.
Mare, A. (2020). State-Ordered Internet Shutdowns and Digital Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Communication, 14, 4244–4263.
Miller, K. C. (2021). Harassment’s Toll on Democracy: The Effects of Harassment Towards US Journalists. Journalism Practice.
Miller, K. C., & Lewis, S. C. (2022). Journalists, Harassment, and Emotional Labor: The Case of Women in On-Air Roles at US Local Television Stations. Journalism, 23(1), 79–97.
Moyo, D., Mare, A., & Matsilele, T. (2019). Analytics-Driven Journalism? Editorial Metrics and the Reconfiguration of Online News Production Practices in African Newsrooms. Digital Journalism, 7(4), 490–506.
Mpofu, S. (2014). Memory, National Identity and Freedom of Expression in the Information Age: Discussing the Taboo in the Zimbabwean Public Sphere. In A. M. G. Solo (Ed.), Handbook on Research on Political Activism in the Information Age (pp. 114–128). IGI Global.
Munoriyarwa, A. (2021). When Watchdogs Fight Back: Resisting State Surveillance in Everyday Investigative Reporting Practices Among Zimbabwean Journalists. Journal of Eastern Africa Studies, 15(3), 421–441.
Munoriyarwa, A., & Chiumbu, S. H. (2019). Big Brother is Watching: Surveillance Regulation and Its Effects on Journalistic Practices in Zimbabwe. African Journalism Studies, 40(3), 26–41.
Ncube, G., & Yemurai, G. (2020). Discrimination Against Female Politicians on Social Media: An Analysis of Tweets in the Run-up to the July 2018 Harmonised Elections in Zimbabwe. Social Media and Elections in Africa, Volume 2: Challenges and Opportunities, 59–76.
Ndlovu, M., & Sibanda, M. N. (2021). Digital Technologies and the Changing Journalism Cultures in Zimbabwe: Examining the Lived Experiences of Journalists Covering the COVID-19 Pandemic. Digital Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1976065
Nilsson, L. M., & Ornebring, H. (2016). Journalism Under Threat: Intimidation and Harassment of Swedish Journalists. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 880–890.
Perreault, M. F., & Perreault, G. P. (2021). Journalists n COVID-19 Journalism: Communication Ecology on Pandemic Reporting. The American Behavioral Scientist, 65(7), 976–991.
Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (2014). Mediating the Message in the 21st Century. A Media Sociology Perspective. Routledge.
Tandoc, E. C., Sagun, K. K., & Alvarez, K. P. (2021). The Digitization of Harassment: Women Journalists’ Experiences with Online Harassment in the Philippines. Journalism Practice.
Tshuma, L. A., Msimanga, M. J., & Sibanda, M. N. (2022). “Playing” in the Eyes of the Ferret Team: Examining the Use of Surveillance Strategies by Zimbabwean Journalists. African Journalism Studies, 43(1), 53–69.
Waisbord, S. (2020a). Mob Censorship: Online Harassment of US Journalists in Times of Digital Hate and Populism. Digital Journalism, 8(8), 1030–1046.
Waisbord, S. (2020b). Trolling Journalists and the Risks of Digital Publicity. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1827450
Yusop, Y. B. M. (2021). Defining Harassment and Bullying at Work Issues. Iconıc Research and Engineering Journals, 4(7), 28–31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ndlovu, M., Khupe, N.A. (2023). Online Harassment of Journalists in Zimbabwe: Experiences, Coping Strategies and Implications. In: Matsilele, T., Mpofu, S., Moyo, D. (eds) New Journalism Ecologies in East and Southern Africa. Palgrave Studies in Journalism and the Global South. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23625-9_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23625-9_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23624-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23625-9
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)