Abstract
Explosions are generally reported in the media with a mix of tragic content and apocalyptic detail. In many mass casualty incidents, explosive devices are often present in a primary or secondary role. The term ‘gas explosion’ generally provokes thoughts of a gas cooker or gas cylinder exploding with an image of a damaged building and reports of a limited number of deaths and injuries. Explosions from natural phenomena are the rarest, however cyclones and storms can produce explosion-like effects. It is the aim of this chapter to cover the key points and function of an explosive, the immediate effects on people and on urban structures. There is an extensive and well-developed literature in each of these areas which can be accessed via the suggested reading and the references.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ritenour AE, Blackbourne LH, Kelly JF, McLaughlin DF, Pearse LA, Holcomb JB et al (2010) Incidence of primary blast injury in US military overseas contingency. Ann Surg 251(6):1140–1144. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181e01270
Magnus D, Khan MA, Proud WG (2018) Epidemiology of civilian blast injuries inflicted by terrorist bombings from 1970–2016. Def Technol 14(5):469–476
O’Neill C, Robinson AM, Ingleton S (2012) Mitigating the effects of firebomb and blast attacks on metro systems. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 48:3518e27
CO-Gas safety. Co-gas safety’s statistics of deaths and injuries. http://www.co-gassafety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/CO-GAS-SAFETY-STATISTICS-ON-DEATHS-AND-INJURIES.pdf.
Stennett C, Gaulter S, Propellants JA (2020) An estimate of the TNT-Equivalent Net Explosive Quantity (NEQ) of the Beirut port explosion using publicly. Available Tools and Data, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, October 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202000227
Cooper PW (1996), Explosives Engineering, (Wiley-VCH)
Fordham S (1980) High explosives and propellants. Pergamon Press, New York
Bailey A, Murray S (1989) Explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. Brassey’s, UK
Robert M, Pachman J (2013) Primary explosives. Springer
Proud WG, Field JE, Milne A, Longbottom AW, Haskins PJ, Briggs RI, Cook MD (2003) The detonation of NM/Al mixtures. In: Proceedings of fifth international symposium on high dynamic pressures, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Paris, vol 1, pp 135–141
Grady D (2006) Fragmentation of rings and shells: the legacy of N.F. Mott. Springer
Gurney RW (1943) The initial velocities of fragments from bombs, shells and grenades. BRL Report 405
Proud WG (2013) The physical basis of explosion and blast injury Process. J.R. Army Med Corps 159 (Supp I):i4–i9. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2013-000030
Bowen IG, Fletcher ER, Richmond DR, Estimate of Man’s Tolerance to Direct Effects of Air Blast. Report: DASA-2113, October 1968.
Richmond DR, Yelverton JT, Fletcher ER, New Airblast Criteria for Man. Report: LA-UR-86, August 1986, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Sadwin LD, Michael M. Swisdak (2013) Reflected and negative phase airblast energy measurements. New Trends Res Energet Mater, Czech Republic, 325–330
Kinney GF, Graham KJ (1985) Explosive shocks in Air. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Needham, CE Waves B (2018) 2nd edn. Springer
Chen A (2013) Structural response to vapour cloud explosions. PhD thesis, Imperial College London. https://doi.org/10.25560/23922
Eiband M (1959) Human tolerance to rapidly applied accelerations: a summary of the literature. Memo 5-19-59E, NASA, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, June 1959
Drapela P, Lorenzo R, Lampert S (2008) How to quantify the effects of non-lethal kinetic weapons. In: 24th international symposium on ballistics, New Orleans, LA, 23–27 September 2008, pp 1284–1290
Field JE (1998) Private communication, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. Images taken with a camera supported by the EPSRC
Williams MR, Dunne LJ, Pearce B, Lawton B (2001) Creams for protection against skin burns in explosions. In: 19th international symposium on ballistics, Interlaken, Switzerland, 7–11 May 2001, pp 1035–1042
Pirlot M, Dyckmans G, Bastin I (2001) Soap and gelatine for simulating human body tissue: an experimental and numerical evaluation. In: 19th international symposium on ballistics, Interlaken, Switzerland, 7–11 May 2001, pp 1011–1017
Knudson PJT (1998) Comparison of 10% and 20% ordinance gelatin using 7.65 mm full metal jacketed bullets. In: 17th international symposium on ballistics, Midrand, South Africa, 23–27 March 1998
Kundsen PJT, Theilade P, Vigsnaes JS, Neilsen PT (1995) Applied wound ballistics: the case of the Danish 7.62 mm NATO bullet. In: 15th international symposium on ballistics, Jerusalem, Israel, 21–24 May 1995
Gray W, Weiss CE, Walker JD, Sponsel WE (2008) Computational and experimental study of paintball impact ocular trauma. In: 24th international symposium on ballistics, New Orleans, LA, 23–27 September 2008, pp 1260–1267
Newell N, Neal W, Pandelani T, Reinecke D, Proud WG, Masouros SD (2016) The dynamic behaviour of the floor of a surrogate vehicle under explosive blast loading. J Mater Sci Res 5(2);59–67
Ngo T, Mendis P, Gupta A et al (2007) Blast loading and blast effects on structures. EJSE 2007:76–91
Cormie D, Mays G, Smith P (2009) Blast effects on buildings, 2nd edn. Thomas Telford, London
Koccaz Z, Sutcu F, Torunbalci N (2008) Architectural and structural design for blast resistant buildings. In The 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, October 2008 pp. 12–17
Cullis IG (2001) Blast waves and how they interact with structures. J Royal Army Med Corps 147(1):16–26
Shi Y, Hao H, Li Z-X (2008) Numerical derivation of pressure–impulse diagrams for prediction of RC column damage to blast loads. Int J Impact Eng 35(11):1213–1227
Jarrett DE (1968) Derivation of the British explosives safety distances. Ann New York Acad Sci 152(1):18–35
Naito CJ, Wheaton KP (2006) Blast assessment of load-bearing reinforced concrete shear walls. Pract Period Struct Des Construct 11(2):112–121
toursbymawiyah. https://toursbymawiyah.wordpress.com/global-prayer-vigilcandlight-memorial-for-the-people-of-ayiti-peace-pole/. 21 December 2018 cited from Google
Siddam A (2014) Cascade failure analysis of electrical transmission lines using ADINA (Doctoral dissertation, Memorial University of Newfoundland)
http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/TNBhistory/3bridges/1940/Panel1Pic10.htm. 21 December 2018 cited from Google
https://kaiserpermanentehistory.org/tag/t-2-tanker/. 21 December 2018 cited from Google
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/96fall/p96au17.cfm. 21 December 2018 cited from Google
Adam, Parisi, Sagaseta, Lu (2018) Research and practice on progressive collapse and robustness of building structures in the 21st century. Eng Struct 173:122–149
Lin TY, Burns NH (1963) Design of pre-stressed concrete structures. Technical report, Wiley New York
Pearson C, Delatte N (2005) Ronan point apartment tower collapse and its effect on building codes. J Perform Constr Facil 19(2):172–177
Levy M, Salvadori M (2002) Why buildings fall down: How structures fail. WW Norton & Company
Griths H, Pugsley A, Saunders OA (1968) Report of the inquiry into the collapse of flats at Ronan Point, Canning Town: presented to the Minister of Housing and Local Government. HMSO
Bob C (2004) Evaluation and rehabilitation of a building affected by a gas explosion. Progr Struct Eng Mater 6(3):137–146
Li J, Hao H (2014) Numerical study of concrete spall damage to blast loads. Int J Imp Eng 68:41–55
Wang W, Zhang D, Lu F, Wang S-C, Tang F (2012) Experimental study on scaling the explosion resistance of a one- way square reinforced concrete slab under a close-in blast loading. Int J Imp Eng 49:158–164
Smith P, Cormie D (2009) 3 Blast loading. ICE Publishing, pp 30–58
Dragos J, Wu C (2014) Single-degree-of-freedom approach to incorporate axial load effects on pressure impulse curves for steel columns. J Eng Mech 141(1):04014098
Wei X, Stewart MG (2010) Model validation and parametric study on the blast response of unreinforced brick masonry walls. Int J Imp Eng 37(11):1150–1159
Li Z, Chen L, Fang Q, Hao H, Zhang Y, Xiang H, Chen W, Yang S, Bao Q (2017) Experimental and numerical study of unreinforced clay brick masonry walls subjected to vented gas explosions. Int J Imp Eng 104:107–126
Li Z, Chen L, Fang Q, Hao H, Zhang Y, Chen W, Xiang H, Bao Q (2017) Study of autoclaved aerated concrete masonry walls under vented gas explosions. Eng Struct 141:444–460
Parisi F, Balestrieri C, Asprone D (2016) Blast resistance of tuffstone masonry walls. Eng Struct 113:233–244
Harris RJ (1983) The investigation and control of gas explosions in buildings and heating plant. E & FN Spon in association with British Gas Corporation
Harris RJ, Marshall MR, Moppett DJ (1977) The response of glass windows to explosion pressures. British Gas Corporation. I. Chem. E. Symposium Serious no. 49
Hooper PA, Sukhram RAM, Blackman BRK, Dear JP (2012) On the blast resistance of laminated glass. Int J Solids Struct 49(6):899–918
Larcher M, Solomos G, Casadei F, Gebbeken N (2012) Experimental and numerical investigations of laminated glass subjected to blast loading. Int J Impact Eng 39(1):42–50
Kummer PO (2004) Glass breakage and injury-yet another new model? Technical report. Bienz Kummer and Partner Ltd. Zollikerberg (Switzerland)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Proud, W.G. (2022). Explosives and Explosive Effects. In: Biggins, P.D., Chana, D. (eds) CBRNE: Challenges in the 21st Century. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17374-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17374-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-17373-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-17374-5
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)