Abstract
Emerging demand for energy storage devices stimulates the research and development activities on supercapacitors due to its unique advantages (power delivery and cycling performance) over secondary batteries. A wide range of materials, which include metals, metal oxides, chalcogenides, carbon allotropes, and their hybrid/composite architectures, have been extensively investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. It was found that the nanostructure of the above mentioned material showed superior electrochemical performances compared to their bulk forms. As a result, a wide range of nanomaterials have been extensively investigated as the electrode material in all segments (employing pseudo and electric double layer capacitive mechanisms in symmetric and asymmetric configurations) of supercapacitors. Recent research interest in supercapacitor materials turned into their synthesis/fabrication by employing various sustainable/green strategies, which include the consumption of renewable resources, exploration of waste/recycled products as feedstocks, and the utilization of materials/processes with less environmental impacts. Thus, the present chapter summarizes the synthesis and their applications of various renewable resource-based green nanomaterials for supercapacitor applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anuradha CT, Raji P (2020) Facile synthesis and characterization of Co3O4 nanoparticles for high-performance supercapacitors using Camellia sinensis. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 126:164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-3352-8
Azevêdo HVSB, Raimundo RA, Ferreira LS, Silva MMS, Morales MA, Macedo DA, Gomes UU, Cavalcante DGL (2020) Green synthesis of CoWO4 powders using agar-agar from red seaweed (Rhodophyta): structure, magnetic properties and battery-like behavior. Mater Chem Phys 242:122544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122544
Bai RG, Sabouni R, Husseini G (2018) Green nanotechnology – a road map to safer nanomaterials. In: Bhagyaraj SM, Oluwafemi OS, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S (eds) Applications of nanomaterials. Elsevier, England, pp 133–159
Bhat VS, Hegde G, Nasrollahzadeh M (2020) A sustainable technique to solve growing energy demand: porous carbon nanoparticles as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors. J Appl Electrochem 50:1243–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-020-01479-0
Bhat VS, Krishnan SG, Jayeoye TJ, Rujiralai T, Sirimahachai U, Viswanatha R, Khalid M, Hegde G (2021) Self-activated ‘green’ carbon nanoparticles for symmetric solid-state supercapacitors. J Mater Sci 56:13271–13290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06154-z
Bondarde MP, Wadekar PH, Some S (2020) Synthesis of sulfur doped carbon nanoparticle for the improvement of supercapacitive performance. J Energy Storage 32:101783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101783
Chen W, Wang H, Lan W, Li D, Zhang A, Liu C (2021a) Construction of sugarcane bagasse-derived porous and flexible carbon nanofibers by electrospinning for supercapacitors. Ind Crop Prod 170:113700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113700
Chen W, Zhang D, Yang K, Luo M, Yang P, Zhou X (2021b) Mxene (Ti3C2Tx)/cellulose nanofiber/porous carbon film as free-standing electrode for ultrathin and flexible supercapacitors. Chem Eng J 413:127524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.127524
Choudhary N, Hwang S, Choi W (2014) Carbon nanomaterials: a review. In: Bhushan B, Luo D, Schricker SR, Sigmund W, Zauscher S (eds) Handbook of nanomaterials properties. Springer, Berlin, pp 709–769
Dahiya Y, Hariram M, Kumar M, Jain A, Sarkar D (2022) Modified transition metal chalcogenides for high performance supercapacitors: current trends and emerging opportunities. Coord Chem Rev 451:214265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214265
Dai Z, Ren P-G, Jin Y-L, Zhang H, Ren F, Zhang Q (2019) Nitrogen-Sulphur Co-doped graphenes modified electrospun lignin/polyacrylonitrile-based carbon nanofiber as high performance supercapacitor. J Power Sources 437:226937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226937
Du B, Chai L, Zhu H, Cheng J, Wang X, Chen X, Zhou J, Sun R-C (2021) Effective fractionation strategy of sugarcane bagasse lignin to fabricate quality lignin-based carbon nanofibers supercapacitors. Int J Biol Macromol 184:604–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.061
Edison TNJI, Atchudan R, Sethuraman MG, Lee YR (2019) Facile synthesis of carbon encapsulated RuO2 nanorods for supercapacitor and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Int J Hydrog Energy 44:2323–2329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.02.018
Farma R, Putri A, Taer E, Awitdrus A, Apriwandi A (2021) Synthesis of highly porous activated carbon nanofibers derived from bamboo waste materials for application in supercapacitor. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 32:7681–7691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05486-5
Feng Y, Ngaboyamahina E, Marusak KE, Cao Y, You L, Glass JT, Zauscher S (2017) Hybrid (organic/inorganic) electrodes from bacterially precipitated CdS for PEC/storage applications. J Phys Chem C 121:3734–3743. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11387
Fu F, Yang D, Zhang W, Wang H, Qiu X (2020) Green self-assembly synthesis of porous lignin-derived carbon quasi-nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Eng J 392:123721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123721
Gunasekaran SS, Gopalakrishnan A, Subashchandrabose R, Badhulika S (2021a) Phytogenic generation of NiO nanoparticles as green-electrode material for high performance asymmetric supercapacitor applications. J Energy Storage 37:102412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102412
Gunasekaran SS, Gopalakrishnan A, Subashchandrabose R, Badhulika S (2021b) Single step, direct pyrolysis assisted synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanosheets derived from bamboo wood for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitor. J Energy Storage 42:103048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103048
Hao E, Liu W, Liu S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen S, Cheng F, Zhao S, Yang H (2017) Rich sulfur doped porous carbon materials derived from ginkgo leaves for multiple electrochemical energy storage devices. J Mater Chem A 5:2204–2214. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA08169J
Hariram M, Rahul A, Sankari MKS, Vivekanandhan S, Muthuramkumar S, Misra M, Mohanty AK (2021) Novel puffball (Lycoperdon Sp.) spores derived hierarchical nanostructured biocarbon: a preliminary investigation on thermochemical conversion and characterization for supercapacitor applications. Mater Lett 291(129432):129432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129432
He D, Zhao W, Li P, Liu Z, Wu H, Liu L, Han K, Liu L, Wan Q, Butt FK, Qu X (2019) Bifunctional biomass-derived 3D nitrogen-doped porous carbon for oxygen reduction reaction and solid-state supercapacitor. Appl Surf Sci 465:303–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.09.185
Hoang VC, Nguyen LH, Gomes VG (2019) High efficiency supercapacitor derived from biomass based carbon dots and reduced graphene oxide composite. J Electroanal Chem 832:87–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.10.050
Hsiao C, Lee C, Tai N (2020) Biomass-derived three-dimensional carbon framework for a flexible fibrous supercapacitor and its application as a wearable smart textile. RSC Adv 10:6960–6972. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA07441D
Hu M, Zhang H, Hu T, Fan B, Wang X, Li Z (2020) Emerging 2D MXenes for supercapacitors: status, challenges and prospects. Chem Soc Rev 49:6666–6693. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00175A
Huang X, Luo B, Liu C, Zhong L, Ye D, Wang X (2021) Quaternized chitosan-assisted in situ synthesized CuS/cellulose nanofibers conductive paper for flexible electrode. Nano Res 14:2390–2397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-020-3240-8
Hutchison JE (2016) The road to sustainable nanotechnology: challenges, progress and opportunities. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:5907–5914. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02121
Jayawickramage RAP, Balkus KJ Jr, Ferraris JP (2019) Binder free carbon nanofiber electrodes derived from polyacrylonitrile-lignin blends for high performance supercapacitors. Nanotechnology 30:355402. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab2274
Jiang Y, Liu J (2019) Definitions of pseudocapacitive materials: a brief review. Energy Environ Mater 2:30–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12028
Kolya H, Kuila T, Kim NH, Lee JH (2019) Bioinspired silver nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol, organic dyes and act as energy storage electrode material. Compos Part B 173:106924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106924
Kumar PSM, Kyaw HH, Myint MTZ, Al-Haj L, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Al-Abri M, Thanigaivel V, Ponnusamy VK (2020) Green route synthesis of nanoporous copper oxide for efficient supercapacitor and capacitive deionization performances. Int J Energy Res 44:10682–10694. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5712
Kumar S, Saeed G, Zhu L, Hui KN, Kim NH, Lee JH (2021) 0D to 3D carbon-based networks combined with pseudocapacitive electrode material for high energy density supercapacitor: a review. Chem Eng J 403:126352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126352
Li Y, Zhang S, Song H, Chen X, Zhou J, Hong S (2015) New insight into the heteroatom-doped carbon as the electrode material for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 180:879–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.039
Li Y, Liu S, Liang Y, Xiao Y, Dong H, Zheng M, Hu H, Liu Y (2019) Bark-based 3D porous carbon nanosheet with ultrahigh surface area for high performance supercapacitor electrode material. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:13827–13835. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01779
Ling Z, Wang Z, Zhang M, Yu C, Wang G, Dong Y, Liu S, Wang Y, Qiu J (2016) Sustainable synthesis and assembly of biomass-derived B/N co-doped carbon nanosheets with ultrahigh aspect ratio for high-performance supercapacitors. Adv Funct Mater 26:111–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201504004
Liu B, Liu Y, Chen H, Yang M, Li H (2017a) Oxygen and nitrogen co-doped porous carbon nanosheets derived from Perilla frutescens for high volumetric performance supercapacitors. J Power Sources 341:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.022
Liu W, Yao Y, Fu O, Jiang S, Fang Y, Wei Y, Lu X (2017b) Lignin-derived carbon nanosheets for high-capacitance supercapacitors. RSC Adv 7:48537–48543. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA08531A
Liu M, Zhang K, Si M, Wang H, Chai L, Shi Y (2019a) Three-dimensional carbon nanosheets derived from micro-morphologically regulated biomass for ultrahigh-performance supercapacitors. Carbon 153:707–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.07.060
Liu X, Li J, Wen Y, Ma C, Chen X, Wen X, Tang T, Mijowska E (2019b) Three-dimensional porous carbon with big cavities and hierarchical pores derived from leek for superior electrochemical capacitive energy storage. Diam Relat Mater 98:107522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2019.107522
Liu S, Xu Y, Wu J, Huang J (2021) Celery-derived porous carbon materials for superior performance supercapacitor. Nanoscale Adv 3:5363–5372. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NA00342A
Lokhande AC, Babar PT, Karade VC, Jang JS, Lokhande VC, Lee DJ, Kim I-C, Patole SP, Qattan IA, Lokhande CD, Kim JH (2019) A viable green route to produce Ag nanoparticles for antibacterial and electrochemical supercapacitor applications. Mater Today Chem 14:100181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2019.07.003
Ma C, Li Z, Li J, Fan Q, Wu L, Shi J, Song Y (2018) Lignin-based hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber films with superior performance in supercapacitors. Appl Surf Sci 456:568–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.06.189
Moriarty P (2001) Nanostructured materials. Rep Prog Phys 64:297. https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/64/3/201
Najib S, Erdem E (2019) Current progress achieved in novel materials for supercapacitor electrodes: mini review. Nanoscale Adv 1:2817–2827. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00345B
Ni J, Li Y (2016) Carbon nanomaterials in different dimensions for electrochemical energy storage. Adv Energy Mater 6:1600278. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600278
Nisha B, Vidyalakshmi Y, Razack SA (2020) Enhanced formation of ruthenium oxide nanoparticles through green synthesis for highly efficient supercapacitor applications. Adv Powder Technol 31:1001–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.12.026
Nsude HE, Nsude KU, Whyte GM, Obodo RM, Iroegbu C, Maaza M, Ezema FI (2020) Green synthesis of CuFeS2 nanoparticles using mimosa leaves extract for photocatalysis and supercapacitor applications. J Nanopart Res 22:352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-05071-7
Nwanya AC, Ndipingwi MM, Ikpo CO, Obodo RM, Nwanya SC, Botha S, Ezema FI, Iwuoha EI, Maaza M (2020) Zea mays lea silk extract mediated synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles as positive electrode material for asymmetric supercabattery. J Alloys Compd 822:153581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153581
Ouyang D-d, Hua L-b, Wang G, Dai B, Yu F, Zhang L-l (2021) A review of biomass-derived graphene and graphene-like carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. New Carbon Mater 36:350–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60024-0
Panmand RP, Patil P, Sethi Y, Kadam SR, Kulkarni MV, Gosavi SW, Munirathnam NR, Kale BB (2017) Unique perforated graphene derived from Bougainvillea flowers for high-power supercapacitors: a green approach. Nanoscale 9:4801–4809. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR00583K
Purkait T, Singh G, Singh M, Kumar D, Dey RS (2017) Large area few-layer graphene with scalable preparation from waste biomass for high-performance supercapacitor. Sci Rep 7:15239. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15463-w
Rabani I, Yoo J, Kim H-S, Lam DV, Hussain S, Karuppasamy K, Seo Y-S (2021) Highly dispersive Co3O4 nanoparticles incorporated into a cellulose nanofiber for a high-performance flexible supercapacitor. Nanoscale 13:355–370. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR06982E
Ranjith KS, Raju GSR, Chodankar NR, Ghoreishian SM, Cha YL, Huh YS, Han Y-K (2021) Lignin-derived carbon nanofibers-laminated redox-active-mixed metal sulfides for high-energy rechargeable hybrid supercapacitors. Int J Energy Res 45:8018–8029. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.6312
Reddy BJ, Vickraman P, Justin AS (2019) Moringa oleifera leaf extract mediated reduced graphene oxide/α-Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite for asymmetric supercapacitors. Braz J Phys 49:348–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13538-019-00640-1
Salve M, Mandal A, Amreen K, Pattnaik PK, Goel S (2020) Greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles for supercapacitor and electrochemical sensing applications in a 3D printed microfluidic platform. Microchem J 157:104973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104973
Schlee P, Herou S, Jervis R, Shearing PR, Brett DJL, Baker D, Hosseinaei O, Tomani P, Murshed MM, Li Y, Mostazo-López MJ, Cazorla-Amorós D, Sobrido ABJ, Titirici M-M (2019) Free-standing supercapacitors from Kraft lignin nanofibers with remarkable volumetric energy density. Chem Sci 10:2980–2988. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC04936J
Schlee P, Hosseinaei O, O’Keefe CA, Mostazo-López MJ, Cazorla-Amorós D, Herou S, Tomani P, Grey CP, Titirici M-M (2020) Hardwood versus softwood Kraft lignin–precursor-product relationships in the manufacture of porous carbon nanofibers for supercapacitors. J Mater Chem A 8:23543–23554. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA09093J
Sekhon SS, Park J-S (2021) Biomass-derived N-doped porous carbon nanosheets for energy technologies. Chem Eng J 425:129017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.129017
Shaheen I, Ahmad KS, Malik MA, Khan MD, Hussian Z, Alamgir K (2021a) Phyto-mediated semiconducting n-type electrode nanomaterial: structural, compositional, and supercapacitor investigations. Ionics 27:833–843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-020-03821-0
Shaheen I, Ahmad KS, Zequine C, Gupta RK, Thomas AG, Malik MA (2021b) Facile ZnO-based nanomaterial and its fabrication as a supercapacitor electrode: synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies. RSC Adv 11:23374–23384. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA04341B
Singh A, Kumar S, Ojha AK (2020) Charcoal derived graphene quantum dots for flexible supercapacitor oriented applications. New J Chem 44:11085–11091. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NJ00899K
Sobti N, Chaguetmi S, Achour S, Chaperman L, Mammeri F, Ammar-Merah S (2021) Manganese oxide nanoparticles prepared by olive leaf extract-mediated wet chemistry and their supercapacitor properties. Solid State Sci 113:106551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2021.106551
Taer E, Natalia K, Apriwandi A, Taslim R, Agustino A, Farma R (2020) The synthesis of activated carbon nanofiber electrode made from acacia leaves (Acacia mangium wild) as supercapacitors. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 11:025007. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/ab8b60
Theerthagiri J, Karuppasamy K, Durai G, Rana AUHS, Arunachalam P, Sangeetha K, Kuppusami P, Kim H-S (2018) Recent advances in metal chalcogenides (MX; X= S, Se) nanostructures for electrochemical supercapacitor applications: a brief review. Nanomater 8:256. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8040256
Wang G, Zhang L, Zhang J (2012) A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Chem Soc Rev 41:797–828. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CS15060J
Wang X, Zhang W, Chen M, Zhou X (2018) Electrospun enzymatic hydrolysis lignin-based carbon nanofibers as binder-free supercapacitor electrodes with high performance. Polymers 10:1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121306
Wang Z, Yun S, Wang X, Wang C, Si Y, Zhang Y, Xu H (2019) Aloe peel-derived honeycomb-like bio-based carbon with controllable morphology and its superior electrochemical properties for new energy devices. Ceram Int 45:4208–4218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.11.091
Wang Y, Zhang L, Hou H, Xu W, Duan G, He S, Liu K, Jiang S (2021) Recent progress in carbon-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes: a review. J Mater Sci 56:173–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05157-6
Wu C, Zhang S, Wu W, Xi Z, Zhou C, Wang X, Deng Y, Bai Y, Liu G, Zhang X, Li X, Luo Y, Chen D (2019) Carbon nanotubes grown on the inner wall of carbonized wood tracheids for high-performance supercapacitors. Carbon 150:311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2019.05.032
Wu Y, Xu G, Zhang W, Song C, Wang L, Fang X, Xu L, Han S, Cui J, Gan L (2021) Construction of ZIF@electrospun cellulose nanofiber derived N doped metallic cobalt embedded carbon nanofiber composite as binder-free supercapacitance electrode. Carbohydr Polym 267:118166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118166
Yang J, Wang Y, Luo J, Chen L (2018a) Highly nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon fibers from sustainable plant protein for supercapacitor. Ind Crop Prod 121:226–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.013
Yang X, Fei B, Ma J, Liu X, Yang S, Tian G, Jiang Z (2018b) Porous nanoplatelets wrapped carbon aerogels by pyrolysis of regenerated bamboo cellulose aerogels as supercapacitor electrodes. Carbohydr Polym 180:385–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.013
Zhang Q, Uchaker E, Candelaria SL, Cao G (2013) Nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage. Chem Soc Rev 42:3127–3171. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS00009E
Zhang B, Kang F, Tarascon J-M, Kim J-K (2016) Recent advances in electrospun carbon nanofibers and their application in electrochemical energy storage. Prog Mater Sci 76:319–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.08.002
Zhang H, Xiao W, Zhou W, Chen S, Zhang Y (2019) Hierarchical porous carbon derived from Sichuan pepper for high-performance symmetric supercapacitor with decent rate capability and cycling stability. Nanomater 9:553. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040553
Zhao X, Sánchez BM, Dobson PJ, Grant PS (2011) The role of nanomaterials in redox-based supercapacitors for next generation energy storage devices. Nanoscale 3:839–855. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0NR00594K
Zhao C, Huang Y, Zhao C, Shao X, Zhu Z (2018) Rose-derived 3D carbon nanosheets for high cyclability and extended voltage supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 291:287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.136
Zhou S, Kong X, Zheng B, Huo F, Strømme M, Xu C (2019) Cellulose nanofiber@ conductive metal–organic frameworks for high-performance flexible supercapacitors. ACS Nano 13:9578–9586. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b04670
Zhu M, Liu H, Cao Q, Zheng H, Xu D, Guo H, Wang S, Li Y, Zhou J (2020) Electrospun lignin-based carbon nanofibers as supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:12831–12841. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03062
Zou K, Deng Y, Chen J, Qian Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Chen G (2018) Hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbon derived from the activation of agriculture waste by potassium hydroxide and urea for high-performance supercapacitors. J Power Sources 378:579–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.12.081
Zou R, Zhu L, Yan L, Shao B, Cheng H, Sun W (2021) Co3O4 anchored on meshy biomass carbon derived from kelp for high-performance ultracapacitor electrode. Mater Chem Phys 266:124556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124556
Acknowledgments
Dr. S. Vivekanandhan acknowledges the University Grants Commission (UGC) for the financial support through a Minor Research Project (MRP/UGC-SERO Proposal No.1593).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Sankaranarayanan, S., Priya, M.M.C., Priyadharshini, D., Vivekanandhan, S. (2023). Renewable Resource-Based Green Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications. In: Shanker, U., Hussain, C.M., Rani, M. (eds) Handbook of Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16101-8_60
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16101-8_60
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-16100-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-16101-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics