Abstract
In principle, nanomaterials can be defined as materials with a dimension measured within 1–100 nm. Due to their size and high surface to volume ratio, nanomaterials offer various different advantages and versatile abilities compared to the bulk-form of the same materials. Nanomaterials are used in multi-industries ranging from healthcare, cosmetics, environmental preservation, and air purification to military and sports. The application of nano-titanium dioxide is extended in self-cleaning coating in plastic chairs surfaces and walls. Zinc oxide nanowires play a role in polluted water treatment and can be found in flexible solar cells. The use of nanomaterials in generating energy such as in solar panels, enhances efficiency and is cost effective. The revolutionary development in nanomaterials urge for more research in ensuring the safety aspects of the materials to the consumers and environment. The particle size, surface area, shape of particles, surface charge, composition and surface roughness are some physicochemical properties that are responsible to cause toxicity of nanomaterials. Exposure via inhalation and ingestion are considered to open up the route to intoxication of nanomaterials. Engineered nanoparticles may end up accumulating to a larger size in lakes and rivers, inducing decline in life of freshwater species in terms of growth and reproduction. Not only that, accumulation of nanomaterials in soils through sewage sludge is also an additional concern. This chapter will highlight the synthesis of nanoparticles by means of plant-based and microorganism-based approaches and the factors affecting the production of nanomaterials. The application of nanomaterials in medicine, agriculture and sports as well as the toxic effect of nanomaterials to humans and the environment synthesis will also be discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ayuk EL, Ugwu MO, Aronimo SB (2017) A review on synthetic methods of nanostructured materials. Chem Res J 2(5):97–123
Bhavani P, Rajababu CH, Arif MD, Reddy IVS, Reddy NR (2017) Synthesis of high saturation magnetic iron oxide nanomaterials via low temperature hydrothermal method. J Magn Magn Mater 426:459–466
da Costa LP (2020) Engineered nanomaterials in the sports industry. In: Hussain CM (ed) Handbook of nanomaterials for manufacturing applications, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 309–319
Darbandi M, Stromberg F, Landers J, Reckers N, Sanyal B, Keune W, Wende H (2012) Nanoscale size effect on surface spin canting in iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by the microemulsion method. J Phys D Appl Phys 45(19):195001
Dawood TN, Kareem EH (2020) Effect of nanomaterial on animal and human health: a review. Plant Archives 20(1):2530–2536
Dolores R, Raquel S, Adianez GL (2015) Sonochemical synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with folate and cisplatin: effect of ultrasonic frequency. Ultrason Sonochem 23:391–398
Ganguly P, Breen A, Pillai SC (2018) Toxicity of nanomaterials: exposure, pathways, assessment, and recent advances. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 4:2237–2275
Gul S, Khan SB, Rehman IU, Khan M, Khan MI (2019) A comprehensive review of magnetic nanomaterials modern day theranostics. Front Mater 6:179
Harifi T, Montazer M (2015) Application of nanotechnology in sports clothing and flooring for enhanced sport activities, performance, efficiency and comfort: a review. J Ind Text 0(00):1–23
Hedayatnasab Z, Abnisa F, Daud WMAW (2017) Review on magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic nanofluid hyperthermia application. Mater Des 123:174–196
Hernández-Díaz JA, Garza-García JJO, Zamudio-Ojeda A, León-Morales JM, López-Velázquez JC, García-Morales S (2020) Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. J Sci Food Agric 101(4):1270–1287
Janib SM, Moses AS, MacKay JA (2010) Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62(11):1052–1063
Jin R, Lin B, Li D, Ai H (2014) Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MR imaging and therapy: design considerations and clinical applications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 18:18–27
Kayani ZN, Arshad S, Riaz S, Naseem S (2014) Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by sol–gel technique and their characterization. IEEE Trans Magn 50(8):1–4
Khan H, Bera S, Sarkar S, Jana S (2017) Fabrication, structural evaluation, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of soft lithography based 1D/2D surface patterned indium titanium oxide solgel thin film. Surf Coat Technol 328:410–419
Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I (2019) Nanoparticles: properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem 12(7):908–931
Kranjc E, Drobne D (2019) Nanomaterials in plants: a review of hazard and applications in the agri-food sector. Nano 9:1094
Masthoff IC, Kraken M, Menzel D, Litterst FJ, Garnweitner G (2016) Study of the growth of hydrophilic iron oxide nanoparticles obtained via the non-aqueous sol–gel method. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 77(3):553–564
McMahon MT, Bulte JW (2018) Two decades of dendrimers as versatile MRI agents: a tale with and without metals. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 10(3):1496
Mogharabi M, Abdollahi M, Faramarzi MA (2014) Toxicity of nanomaterials: an undermined issue. J Pharm Sci 22:59
Møller P, Jacobsen NR, Folkmann JK, Danielsen PH, Mikkelsen L, Hemmingsen JG, Vesterdal LK, Forchhammer L, Wallin H, Loft S (2010) Role of oxidative damage in toxicity of particulates. Free Radic Res 44(1):1–46
Nourafkan E, Asachi M, Gao H, Raza G, Wen D (2017) Synthesis of stable iron oxide nanoparticle dispersions in high ionic media. J Ind Eng Chem 50:57–71
Pal G, Rai P, Pandey A (2019) Green synthesis of nanoparticles: a greener approach for a cleaner future. In: Ashutosh KS, Siavash I (eds) Green synthesis, characterization and applications of nanoparticles. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–26
Paramo LA, Feregrino-Pérez AA, Guevara R, Mendoza S, Esquivel K (2020) Nanoparticles in agroindustry: applications, toxicity, challenges, and trends. Nano 10:1654
Patra JK, Baek KH (2014) Green nanobiotechnology: factors affecting synthesis and characterization techniques. J Nanomater 2014(417305):1–12
Qiao SZ, Liu J, Max Lu GQ (2017) Synthetic chemistry of nanomaterial. In: Xu R, Xu Y (eds) Modern inorganic synthetic chemistry, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 613–640
Rana S, Kalaichelvan PT (2013) Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles. Int Sch Res Notices 2013(574648):1–11
Rani S, Varma GD (2015) Superparamagnetism and metamagnetic transition in Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized via co-precipitation method at different pH. Phys B Condens Matter 472:66–77
Rezaei M, Hosseini SN, Khavari-Nejad RA, Najafi F, Mahdavi M (2019) HBs antigen and mannose loading on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles in order to immuno-targeting: fabrication, characterization, cellular and humoral immunoassay. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 47(1):1543–1558
Rudramurthy GR, Swamy MK (2018) Potential applications of engineered nanoparticles in medicine and biology: an update. J Biol Inorg Chem 23(8):1185–1204
Sahu SC, Hayes AW (2017) Toxicity of nanomaterials found in human environment: a literature review. Toxicol Res Appl 1:1–13
Saleem K, Khursheed Z, Hano C, Anjum I, Anjum S (2019) Applications of nanomaterials in leishmaniasis: a focus on recent advances and challenges. Nano 9:1749
Schleich N, Danhier F, Préat V (2015) Iron oxide-loaded nanotheranostics: major obstacles to in vivo studies and clinical translation. J Control Release 198:35–54
Siddiqi KS, ur Rahman A, Husen A (2016) Biogenic fabrication of iron/iron oxide nanoparticles and their application. Nanoscale Res Lett 11(1):1–13
Toyos-Rodríguez C, Calleja-García J, Torres-Sánchez L, López A, Abu-Dief AM, Costa A, Elbaile L, Crespo RD, Garitaonandia JS, Lastra E, García-Alonso FJ (2019) A simple and reliable synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3. J Nanomater 2019
Unsoy G, Yalcin S, Khodadust R, Gunduz G, Gunduz U (2012) Synthesis optimization and characterization of chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles produced for biomedical applications. J Nanopart Res 14(11):1–13
Wahajuddin, Arora S (2012) Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: magnetic nanoplatforms as drug carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 7:3445–3471
Yang J, Cao W, Rui Y (2017) Interactions between nanoparticles and plants: phytotoxicity and defense mechanisms. J Plant Interact 12(1):158–169
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Zainon, N.K.R., Che Abdullah, C.A., Jamaludin, N.S. (2023). Toxicity of Nanomaterials. In: Shanker, U., Hussain, C.M., Rani, M. (eds) Handbook of Green and Sustainable Nanotechnology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16101-8_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16101-8_37
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-16100-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-16101-8
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics