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Description and Comparative Morphology of the Hofmeyr Skull

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Hofmeyr

Part of the book series: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology ((VERT))

Abstract

This chapter provides a description of the preserved and reconstructed morphology of the Hofmeyr skull. Comparisons with recent sub-Saharan African, Later Stone Age (LSA) Khoesan and Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic (UP) samples are undertaken for over 40 linear dimensions and indices, and 20 non-metrical (morphoscopic) morphological features. The neurocranium and facial skeleton are large and robust. Metrical comparisons reveal an overall similarity of Hofmeyr to penecontemporaneous Late Pleistocene Eurasian crania. Hofmeyr exceeds the means for male sub-Saharan African population samples in bmore than 25 diameters, although in almost all cases Hofmeyr falls within the upper 95% confidence limits of these sample. In some instances, such as frontal breadth and orbit height, the Hofmeyr values are similar to the sub-Saharan African sample means. As expected, given the comparatively small size of LSA and recent Khoesan crania, the Hofmeyr measurements exceed these sample means by a considerable margin, although some LSA crania exceed Hofmeyr in several dimensions. Most morphoscopic features evinced by Hofmeyr are similar to those expressed most commonly by sub-Saharan African populations; in some instances, they conform to those that tend to characterize Khoesan crania. These include a pentaganoid neurocranial configuration, a midline frontal eminence (metopic keel), an inflated mons temporosphenoidalis and a shallow mandibular fossa and weak postglenoid process. At the same time, Hofmeyr tends to differs from Khoesan and more closely resemble other South African populations in some features. It is perhaps not unreasonable to expect that the Hofmeyr individual shared the genomic signature of the Late Pleistocene Khoesan, and that this was expressed by at least some attendant phenotypic morphologies, with the Khoesan having undergone further subsequent evolution for small body size in the Holocene.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The definitions of the craniometric points and measurements employed by the Biometric School (University College London) largely follow those adopted by the 1882 Frankfurter Verständigung über ein gemeinsames craniormetrisches Verfahren that was published in 1883 in the Korrespondenz-Blatt der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte (vol. 14, Series 1). This concordat is also the basis for the definitions and measurements enumerated by Martin (1957).

  2. 2.

    Although Kaye (1965) refers to the existence of a “complete left upper dentition,” this is clearly in error. Photographs that were taken at the time, as well as his description of the state of preservation of the skull, indicate that the left maxilla was broken away immediately distal to the LP3.

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Kevin Cole, curator of the Hofmeyr skull at the East London Museum, the Board of Trustees of the East London Museum, and the Eastern Cape Provincial Heritage Resources Authority for their sustained support and enthusiasm in permitting me to study this unique Late Pleistocene specimen.

My thanks go out to the following individuals who permitted me to examine the LSA archaeology collections from South Africa under their care and who provided me with gracious hospitality during my visits to their institutions: Lloyd Rossouw, Sharon Holt and the late James S. Brink, National Museum, Bloemfontein; Wendy Black and Wilhelmina Seconna, Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town; Alan G. Morris, Victoria Gibbon and Jacqui Friedling, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town; Lita Webley, Albany Museum, Grahamstown; Brendon Billings and Jason Hemingway, School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; and David Morris, McGregor Museum, Kimberley.

I would like to thank the following individuals who permitted me to examine Late Pleistocene human fossils under their care and who provided me with generous hospitality during my visits to their institutions: Frank Günter Zehnder and Michael Schmauder, Rheinisches LandesMuseum, Bonn; Anne-Marie Tillier and Dominique Henry-Gambier, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux; Marta Dočkalová and Martin Oliva, Moravian Museum, Brno; Jiří Svoboda, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno; Isabelle Crevecoeur, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels; Andrei Soficaru, Universitatea din Bucureşti, Bucureşti; Marta Mirazon Lahr, Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge; Oana Moldovan, Institutul de Speologie “Emil Racovita”, Cluj-Napoca; Enzo Formicola and Giuseppina Spadea, Archeologici della Liguria, Genoa; Hava Katz and Alegre Savariego, The Rockefeller Archaeological Museum, Jerusalem; Chris Stringer, Natural History Museum, London; Pierre-Elie Moulle, Musée de Préhistoire Regional, Menton; Patrick Simon, Musée d’Anthropologie Préhistorique, Monaco; Dominique Sacchi, Laboratoire de Préhistoire, Carcassone Montpellier; Philippe Mennecier, Musee de l’Homme, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Dominique Grimaud-Hervé, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris; Véronique Merlin-Anglade, Musée du Perigord, Perigueux; Yoel Rak, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv; Angiolo Del Lucchese, Museo Nazionale dei Balzi Rossi Ventimiglia, Ventimiglia; Maria Teschler-Nicola, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Wien; and Milan Herak, Institute for Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Zagreb.

I am grateful to Marta Mirazon Lahr and Robert Foley, Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge for their gracious hospitality in hosting me as a Leverhulme Fellow, which enabled me to undertake numerous comparative studies in relation to the Hofmeyr skull. I thank Heiko Temming, Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, for producing the micro-CT scans of the skull, and Anton du Plessis, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University for manipulation of those scans and the production of numerous slice and volume rendering images.

I thank Isabelle Ribot for generously sharing her full set of craniometric data for sub-Saharan African population samples. These data added tremendously to the comparisons undertaken in this chapter. I thank Chris Stringer, Fred Smith, Alan Morris and Eric Delson for their thorough reviews and cogent comments on the manuscript, which have served to substantially improve it.

I am grateful to the Leakey Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Leverhulme Trust, National Geographic, the American Philosophical Society and Stony Brook University for their financial support of the Hofmeyr project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-4364, USA

    Frederick E. Grine

  2. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Frederick E. Grine

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Correspondence to Frederick E. Grine .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Anthropology and Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Frederick E. Grine

Appendix 6.A1

Appendix 6.A1

Table 6.A1 Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic specimens.

Table 6.A1 Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic specimens
Full size table

Sources for Context, Geochronology and Craniometric Data

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Arene Candide

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Baousso da Torre

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Barma del Caviglione

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Grine, F.E. (2022). Description and Comparative Morphology of the Hofmeyr Skull. In: Grine, F.E. (eds) Hofmeyr. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07426-4_6

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