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Abstract

The emergence of data-driven business models, data analytics and algorithms provide unprecedented opportunities to gain and maintain a competitive advantage on the part of big tech service providers whose main income is from the analysis, processing and selling of data. However, this also triggers high exposure by individuals through technology because there seems to be a significant imbalance between providers and users. The use of digital services and the utilisation of algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) is now essential in the enforcement activities of various regulatory agencies prosecuting consumer protection, competition and data protection infringements, and it seems that it is necessary to provide a coordinated answer to the issues raised by new business models, considering the interplay between privacy law, competition law and consumer protection law issues.

Adam Liber acted as working group lead. Lili Albert and Judit Firniksz acted as working group members.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Act XLVIII of 2008 on the Basic Requirements and Certain Restrictions of Commercial Advertising Activities.

  2. 2.

    Section 6 of the Hungarian Advertising Act.

  3. 3.

    Directive 2002/58 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications), OJ 2002 L 201, p. 37.

  4. 4.

    Guidelines 05/2020 on consent under Regulation 2016/679, Version 1.1, adopted on 4 May 2020, item 26.

  5. 5.

    EPRS, A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency, April 2019. Available at https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/624262/EPRS_STU(2019)624262_EN.pdf item 3.6.2. Accessed 25 August 2021.

  6. 6.

    The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - ‘Ethically Aligned Design’ First Edition, March 2019.

  7. 7.

    Article 29 Data Protection Working Party Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679, available at https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/article29/item-detail.cfm?item_id=612053. As last Revised and Adopted on 6 February 2018. Last accessed 19 September 2020.

  8. 8.

    Available at https://naih.hu/list-of-processing-operations-subject-to-dpia-35-4%2D%2Dgdpr.html. Last accessed 19 September 2020.

  9. 9.

    CJEU, case C-230/16, Request for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am Main (Higher Regional Court, Frankfurt am Main, Germany), made by decision of 19 April 2016, received at the Court on 25 April 2016, in the proceedings, ECLI:EU:C:2017:941, pt 6.

  10. 10.

    EU Commission Comp. DG, Case AT.40428, Commission Decision of 17.12.2018 relating to proceedings under Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and Article 53 of the Agreement on the European Economic Area.

  11. 11.

    VJ/49/2018; VJ/5/2019.

  12. 12.

    VJ/44/2019.

  13. 13.

    https://www.gvh.hu/pfile/file?path=/en/actualities/aktualis_hirek_gvh_megfeleles_velemenyvezer_2017_11_30_a&inline=true.

  14. 14.

    Available at https://www.gvh.hu/pfile/file?path=/gvh/egyuttmukodesi_megallapodasok/gvh_egyuttmuk_NAIH_GVH_2015_03_13&inline=true. Last accessed 19 September 2020.

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Liber, A., Albert, L., Firniksz, J. (2023). Hungary. In: Kilpatrick, B., Kobel, P., Këllezi, P. (eds) Antitrust in Data Driven Markets & Legal Framework for Influencers, Native Advertising and Control over the Use of AI in Marketing. LIDC Contributions on Antitrust Law, Intellectual Property and Unfair Competition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07422-6_16

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