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Conclusion: Past and Present Reindeer Herding in Dialogue

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Domestication in Action

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Abstract

This concluding chapter summarises the new insights provided by a combination of archaeological research, traditional knowledge, and other sources of information on reindeer domestication and the development of reindeer herding in northern Fennoscandia. The archaeological evidence presented in the previous chapters provides new chronological information on the early reindeer-herding practices of the Sámi, as well as their local variation and long-term adaptations. The traditional knowledge of reindeer herders is used to interpret the meanings of the archaeologically observed reindeer-herding practices and situate them within the framework of current reindeer-herding societies carrying on and maintaining those traditions. Thus, the concluding chapter returns to the themes introduced in the Introduction: archaeological results are employed to show that reindeer-herding practices have always been dynamic and adapted to the changing social, economic, and environmental pressures. Practices such as reindeer feeding, draught reindeer use, and pastoral mobility have ancient roots, but they have also been very variable in terms of time and space. Today, they bear an important memory and tradition. The long-term continuity and adaptation of reindeer herding apparent in the archaeological data show the long-term resilience of reindeer herders and reindeer herding.

Abstrákta

Girjji maŋemus logus lea čoahkkáigeassu das, mii arkeologalaš dutkamuša vuođul dihttojuvvo bohcco domestikašuvnnas ja boazodoalu gárggiideamis sámi guovllus. Ovddit lohkosiin ovdanbuktojuvvon arkeologalaš dutkamuš fállá ođđa dieđu boazodoalu dábiid gárggiideamis, guvllolaš erohusain sihke boazodoalu guhkes áigegaskka rievdamiin. Boazoolbmuid árbevirolaš dieđu mielde lea vejolaš guorahallat arkeologalaččat áicojuvvon boazodoalu vieruid kultuvrralaš mearkkašumiid mannanáiggis ja daid dáláš boazoolbmuid gaskavuođas, geat dáid vieruid mielde ein barget. Lohkosis máhccojuvvo girjji álggus ovdanbuktojuvvon fáttáide; guorahallat dan, mot arkeologalaš materiála ja boazodoalu árbevirolaš dieđu ovttastahttimiin sáhttá čujuhuvvot, ahte boazodoallu lea leamaš álohii earáhuvvi ja lea vuogáiduvvan iešguđetlágán ekonomalaš, servodatlaš ja birrasii laktásan deaddagiidda. Máŋggain boazodoalu dábiin, dego lassibiebmamiin ja vuojániid anus leat guhkes ruohttasat, muhto nuppe dáfus dat leat molsašuddan áiggis ja báikkis. Dálá áiggenai daidda laktása dehálaš muitindiehtu. Boazodoalu guhkes áigegaskka nuppástusat muitalit boazodoalu ja boazoolbmuid guhkesáigásaš vuogáiduvvannávccas.

Tiivistelmä

Kirjan viimeinen luku on yhteenveto siitä, mitä arkeologisen tutkimuksen perusteella tiedetään poron domestikaatiosta ja poronhoidon kehityksestä Pohjois-Fennoskandiassa. Aiemmissa luvuissa esitelty arkeologinen tutkimus tarjoaa uutta tietoa poronhoidon käytäntöjen kehityksestä, alueellisista eroista sekä poronhoidon pitkän aikavälin muutoksista. Poronhoitajien perinteisen tiedon ja kokemusten avulla on mahdollista pohtia arkeologisesti havaittujen poronhoidon tapojen kulttuurisia merkityksiä menneisyydessä ja nykyisten poronhoitajien keskuudessa, jotka näitä tapoja yhä harjoittavat. Luvussa palataan kirjan alussa esiteltyihin teemoihin; pohdimme sitä, miten arkeologista tutkimusta ja poronhoitajien perinteistä tietoa yhdistämällä voidaan osoittaa, että poronhoito on ollut aina muuttuvaa ja sopeutunut erilaisiin taloudellisiin, yhteiskunnallisiin ja ympäristöön liittyviin paineisiin. Monilla poronhoidon tavoilla, kuten lisäruokinnalla ja ajokkaiden käytöllä on pitkät juuret, mutta toisaalta ne ovat vaihdelleet myös ajassa ja paikassa. Nykyäänkin niihin liittyy tärkeää muistitietoa. Poronhoidon pitkän aikavälin muutokset kertovat poronhoidon ja poronhoitajien pitkäaikaisesta sopeutumiskyvystä.

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Acknowledgements

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 756431) and the Academy of Finland (project number 275635). We gratefully acknowledge all the reindeer herders who participated in the project for their valuable contribution and insights.

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Salmi, AK., Soppela, P., Kynkäänniemi, SM., Wallén, H. (2022). Conclusion: Past and Present Reindeer Herding in Dialogue. In: Salmi, AK. (eds) Domestication in Action . Arctic Encounters. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98643-8_9

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