Abstract
Humans cultivate plants for their daily commodities, like food and medicines. Innumerable varieties of crops and plant-derived products like cotton, fruits, vegetables, grains, pulses, and oils have been developed. A variety of seed oils have been used by humankind in dietary supplements and regarded as feedstock for the production of biofuels. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one such plant used in the production of oil. Date palm is a commercial fruit that is primarily cultivated in South Mediterranean countries. Date palm fruit and its processed products such as jams, jellies, and syrup are globally consumed. However, tons of seed waste is generated after processing and raises environmental problems due to poor seed waste disposal practices. Scientific reports suggest that date palm seed oil is a rich in minerals, fatty acids, and various phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, sterols, and tocopherols. These bioactive molecules possess significant pharmacological activities like antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotectivity. This chapter summarizes the phytochemicals present in the date palm seed oil, discusses the fatty acid composition in various date palm cultivars worldwide, and highlights the pharmacological activities exhibited by the date seed oil. The chapter also discusses the effective utilization of date seed oil in the food and pharmaceutical industry and the seed oil by-products in biofuel production. Pharmaceuticals and biofuel production presents an excellent opportunity for the valorization of date palm cultivation and economic returns.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
El Hadrami A, Al-Khayri JM (2012) Socioeconomic and traditional importance of date palm. Emir J Food Agric 24:371–385
Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) (2015) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, Vol 1: Africa and the Americas. Springer, Dordrecht. 546 p
Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) (2015) Date palm genetic resources and utilization, Vol 2: Asia and Europe. Springer, Dordrecht. 566 p
Al-Harrasi A, Rehman NU, Hussain J, Khan AL, Al-Rawahi A, Gilani SA, Al-Broumi M, Ali L (2014) Nutritional assessment and antioxidant analysis of 22 date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) varieties growing in Sultanate of Oman. Asian Pac J Trop Med 7:S591–S598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60294-7
Chao CT, Krueger RR (2007) The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.): overview of biology, uses, and cultivation. HortScience 42:1077–1082. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.5.1077
Hazzouri KM, Flowers JM, Visser HJ, Khierallah HS, Rosas U, Pham GM, Meyer RS, Johansen CK, Fresquez ZA, Masmoudi K, Haider N (2015) Whole genome re-sequencing of date palms yields insights into diversification of a fruit tree crop. Nat Commun 6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9824
Reportlinker. Date palm market – global industry analysis, size, share, growth, trends, and forecast 2018–2026. PR Newswire, Aug. 16, 2018. https://www.prneswire.com/news-releases/date-palm-market%2D%2D-global-industryanalysis-size-share-growwth-trends-and-forecast-2018%2D%2D-2026-300698528.html. Accessed 29 May 2021
Al-Alawi RA, Al-Mashiqri JH, Al-Nadabi JSM, Al-Shihi BI, Baqi Y (2017) Date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.): natural products and therapeutic options. Front Plant Sci 8:845
Dobbert JP (1983) Food and agriculture organization of the united nations in international organizations in general universal international organizations and cooperation. Elsevier
Ghnimi S, Umer S, Karim A, Kamal-Eldin A (2017) A date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.): an underutilized food seeking industrial valorization. NFS J 6:1–10
Al-Suwaiegh SB (2015) Effect of substitution of date pits in concentrate feed on growth performance and nutrients digestibility of Ardi goats. Asian J Anim Sci 9:110–118. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajas.2015.110.118
Mrabet A, Jiménez-Araujo A, Guillén-Bejarano R, Rodríguez-Arcos R, Sindic M (2020) Date seeds: a promising source of oil with functional properties. Foods 9:787. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9060787
Wahini M (2016) Exploration of making date seed’s flour and its nutritional contents analysis. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 128:012031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/128/1/012031
Idowu AT, Igiehon OO, Adekoya AE, Idowu S (2020) Dates palm fruits: A review of their nutritional components, bioactivities and functional food applications. AIMS Agric Food 5:734–755
Ben-Youssef S, Fakhfakh J, Breil C, Abert-Vian M, Chemat F, Allouche N (2017) Green extraction procedures of lipids from Tunisian date palm seeds Ind. Crops Prod 108:520–525
Basuny AMM, Al-Marzooq MA (2011) Production of mayonnaise from date pit oil. Food Nutr Sci 2:938–943. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2011.29128
Dehdivan NS, Panahi B (2017) Physicochemical properties of seeds and seeds oil extracted from Iranian date palm cultivars. Biol Forum An Int J 9:139–144
Justina YT, Victor NE (2014) Physical and chemical evaluation of oils from selected underutilized oilseeds. Pelagia Res Library 5:9–12
Nehdi IA, Sbihi HM, Tan CP, Rashid U, Al-Resayes SI (2018) Chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed oil from six Saudi Arabian cultivars. J Food Sci 83:624–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14033
Besbes S, Blecker C, Deroanne C, Drira NE, Attia H (2004) Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction. Food Chem 84:577–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00281-4
Nehdi I, Omri S, Khalil MI, Al-Resayes SI (2010) Characteristics and chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix canariensis) seeds and seed oil. Ind Crop Prod 32:360–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.05.016
Yousuf RG, Winterburn JB (2017) Waste date seed oil extract as an alternative feedstock for poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis. Biochem Eng J127:68–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2017.08.007
Ali MA, Al-Hattab TA, Al-Hydary IA (2015) Extraction of date palm seed oil (Phoenix dactylifera) by soxhlet apparatus. Int J Adv Eng Technol 8:261–271
Luque-Garcıa JL, De Castro ML (2004) Ultrasound-assisted Soxhlet extraction: an expeditive approach for solid sample treatment: application to the extraction of total fat from oleaginous seeds. J Chromatogr A 1034:237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.020
Jadhav AJ, Holkar CR, Goswami AD, Pandit AB, Pinjari DV (2016) Acoustic cavitation as a novel approach for extraction of oil from waste date seeds. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4:4256–4263. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00753
Herrero M, Mendiola JA, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E (2010) Supercritical fluid extraction: recent advances and applications. J Chromatogr A 1217:2495–2511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.019
Louaer M, Zermane A, Larkeche O, Meniai AH (2019) Experimental study and optimization of the extraction of Algerian date stones oil (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using supercritical carbon dioxide. J Food Process Eng 42:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13049
Herch W, Kallel H, Boukhchina S (2014) Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of Tunisian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) oil as affected by different extraction methods. Food Sci Technol 34:464–470. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457x.6360
Devshony S, Eteshola E, Shani A (1992) Characteristics and some potential applications of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds and seed oil. J Am Oil Chem 69:95–597. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02636115
Al-Shahib W, Marshall RJ (2003) Fatty acid content of the seeds from 14 varieties of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Int J Food Sci Technol 38:709–712. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2003.00723.x
Laghouiter OK, Benalia M, Gourine N, Djeridane A, Bombarda I, Yousfi M (2018) Chemical characterization and in vitro antioxidant capacity of nine Algerian date palm cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed oil. Mediterr J Nutr Metab 11:103–117. https://doi.org/10.3233/MNM-17185
Abdalla RSM, Albasheer AA, El-Hussein ARM, Gadkariem EA (2012) Physico-chemical characteristics of date seed oil grown in Sudan. Am J Appl Sci 9:993–999. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2012.993.999
Saafi-Ben Salah EB, Flamini G, El Arem A, Issaoui M, Dabbou S, BenYahia L, Ferchichi A, Hammami M, Achour L (2012) Compositional characteristics and aromatic profile of date palm seeds from seven varieties grown in Tunisia. Int J Food Sci Technol 47:1903–1908
Akbari M, Razavizadeh R, Mohebbi GH, Barmak A (2012) Oil characteristics and fatty acid profile of seeds from three varieties of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) cultivars in Bushehr-Iran. Afr J Biotechnol 11:12088–12093. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajb12.1084
Olowokere JA, Onen AI, Odineze MC, B’aga ID, Kefas EG (2019) Extraction and characterization of oil from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seed. Asian J App Chem Res 3:1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajacr/2019/v3i430095
Al Juhaimi F, Özcan MM, Adiamo OQ, Alsawmahi ON, Ghafoor K, Babiker EE (2018) Effect of date varieties on physic-chemical properties, fatty acid composition, tocopherol contents, and phenolic compounds of some date seed and oils. J Food Process Preserv 42(4):e13584
Besbes S, Blecker C, Deroanne C, Bahloul N, Lognay G, Drira NE, Attia H (2004) Date seed oil: phenolic, tocopherol and sterol profiles. J Food Lipids 11:251–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4522.2004.01141.x
Badami S, Channabasavaraj KP (2007) In vitro antioxidant activity of thirteen medicinal plants of India’s western ghats. Pharm Biol 45:392–396
Abdul Afiq MJ, Rahman R, Man YB, Al-Kahtani H, Mansor TST (2013) Date seed and date seed oil. Int Food Res J 20:2035–2043
Bouhlali EDT, Alem C, Ennassir J, Benlyas M, Mbark AN, Zegzouti YF (2017) Phytochemical compositions and antioxidant capacity of three date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds varieties grown in the south East Morocco. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 16:350–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.11.002
Boukouada M, Ghiaba Z, Gourine N, Bombarda I, Saidi M, Yousfi M (2014) Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of seed oil of two Algerian date palm cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera). Nat Prod Commun 9:1777–1780
Djaoudene O, López V, Cásedas G, Les F, Schisano C, Bachir Bey M, Tenore GC (2019) Phoenix dactylifera L. seeds: a by-product as a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties. Food Funct 10:4953–4965
Kerfoot K (2018) What’s so great about date seed oil? Trusted health products. https://www.trustedhealthproducts.com/blogs/food-health/whats-great-date-seed-oil. Accessed 4 May 2021
Soliman MS, Abd-Allah HT, Saeed NM, El-Sawy HS (2018) Date seed oil loaded niosomes: development, optimization and anti-inflammatory effect evaluation on rats drug dev. Indiana Pharm 44:1185–1197
Reddy MK, Rani HD, Deepika CN, Samrawat S, Akshara V, Rajesh K (2017) Study on physicochemical properties of oil and powder of date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera). Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6:486–492. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.059
Al-Asmari F (2017) Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and photosensitization against pathogenic and food spoilage fungi occurring on fresh date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Queensland. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2017.978
Jaganathan V, Shanmugavadivu M, Ganesh S (2018) Preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of date seed methanolic extract. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci 5:209–215
Perveen K, Bokhari NA (2012) Antibacterial activity of Phoenix dactylifera L. leaf and pit extracts against selected gram negative and gram positive pathogenic bacteria. J Med Plant Res 6:296–300
Golshan AT, Solaimani DN, Yasini ASA (2017) Physico-chemical properties and applications of date seed and its oil. Food Chem Toxicol 24:1399–1406
Dammak I, Boudaya S, Ben Abdallah F, Turki H, Attia H (2010) Effect of date seed oil on p53 expression in normal human skin. Connect Tissue Res 51:55–58. https://doi.org/10.3109/03008200902998709
Hussein AM, El-Mousalamy AM, Hussein SA, Mahmoud SA (2015) Effects of palm dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) extracts on hepatic dysfunctions in type 2 diabetic rat model. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:62–79
Eldeeb M, Mohamme HA, Saji SM, Elnaeem A-OS, Mobark MA, Ahmed SA (2020) Effect of roasted date palm rich oil extracts in liver protection and antioxidant restoration in CCl4-induced hepato toxicity in rats. Int J Pharmacol 16:367–374
Shehzad M, Rasheed H, Naqvi SA, Al-Khayri JM, Lorenzo JM, Alaghbari MA, Manzoor MF, Aadil RM (2021) Therapeutic potential of date palm against human infertility: a review. Meta 11:408
Fatma BA, Nozha CF, Ines D, Hamadi A, Basma H, Leila AK (2009) Sperm quality improvement after date seed oil in vitro supplementation in spontaneous and induced oxidative stress. Asian J Androl 11:393–398. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2008.6
Saryono S, Retnani H, Santoso D (2015) Date seeds steeping (Phoenix Dactylifera) strengthen sperm cells membrane and reduce malondialdehyde level. Jurnal Ners 10:355–359
Perkins S (2016) The benefits of date seed oil for hair. https://www.naturallycurly.com/curlreading/curl-products/the-benefits-of-date-seed-oil-for-hair-si. Accessed 1 May 2021
Klarna, Oils in skincare. https://www.skincity.com/en/skinguide/oils-in-skincare. Accessed 02 June 2021
Boudaya S, Keskes L, Besbes S, El Gaied A, Attia H, Turki H, Hentati B (2007) Effects of date seed oil on normal human skin in vitro. Eur J Dermatol 17:516–519. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2007.0267
Ines D, Sonia B, Fatma BA, Souhail B, Hamadi A, Hamida T, Basma H (2010) Date seed oil inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human epidermal keratinocytes. Int J Dermatol 49:262–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04237.x
Lubna M (2020) Natural similarities between olive oil and date kernel oil. get to know them fatty acids in date kernel oil, the most important of which are linolenic, citric and palmatic, all of which are antioxidants and cancer-fighting. https://www.elaard.com/73977. Accessed 1 May 2021
Hasan M, Mohieldein A (2016) In vivo evaluation of anti diabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidative activities of Saudi date seed extract on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Clin Diagn Res 10:FF06-FF12
Najafi MBH (2011) Date seeds: a novel and inexpensive source of dietary fiber. Int Conf Food Eng Biotechnol 9:326
Navomy G, Andersson A, Kamal-Eldina A (2020) Lignin is the main determinant of total dietary fiber differences between date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties. NFS J 21:16–21
Abdillah LA, Andriani M (2012) Friendly alternative healthy drinks through the use of date seeds as coffee powder. Proceeding of ICEBM, pp 80–87
Aljaloud S, Colleran HL, Ibrahim SA (2020) Nutritional value of date fruits and potential use in nutritional bars for athletes. Food Nutr Sci 11:463–480
Ayad AA, El-Rab DG, Shahbazi A, Worku M, Schimmel K, Ejimakor G, Zimmerman T, Ibrahim SA (2016) Using date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by-products to cultivate lactobacillus reuteri spp. J Food Res 5:77–81
El-Massry K, El-Ghorab A, Farouk A, Hamed S, Elgebaly H, Mosa N, Alsohaimi I, Mahmoud A (2019) Microencapsulation of date seed oil by spray-drying for stabilization of olive oil as a functional food. Asian J Sci Res 12:516–523. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajsr.2019.516.523
Taha E, Abd-Elkarim N, Ahmed Z (2019) Date seed oil as a potential natural additive to improve oxidative stability of edible vegetable oils. Egypt J Food Sci 47:105–113
Kamil M, Ramadan K, Olabi AG, Ghenai C, Inayat A, Rajab MH (2019) Desert palm date seeds as a biodiesel feedstock: extraction, characterization, and engine testing. Energies 12:3147
Demirbas A (2017) Utilization of date biomass waste and date seed as bio-fuels source. Energy Sources Part A 39:754–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2016.1261208
Farooq M, Ramli A, Naeem A, Mahmood T, Ahmad S, Humayun M, Islam MGU (2018) Biodiesel production from date seed oil (Phoenix dactylifera L.) via egg shell derived heterogeneous catalyst. Chem Eng Res Des 132:644–651
Raghulchandran R, Tamizhini A, Snehya AV, Pandey RP (2020) Pretreatment studies of biohydrogen production from agro-industrial waste. Preprints 2020, 2020110320. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202011.0320.v1
Rambabu K, Show PL, Bharath G, Banat F, Naushad M, Chang JS (2020) Enhanced biohydrogen production from date seeds by clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405. Int J Hydrog Energy 45:22271–22280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.06.133
Balan V, Rogers CA, Chundawat SPS, da Costa Sousa L, Slininger PJ, Gupta R, Dale BE (2009) Conversion of extracted oil cake fibers into bioethanol including DDGS, canola, sunflower, sesame, soy, and peanut for integrated biodiesel processing. J Am Oil Chem Soc 86:157–165
Bouaziz F, Abdeddayem AB, Koubaa M, Barba FJ, Jeddou KB, Kacem I, GhorbelRE CSE (2020) Bioethanol production from date seed cellulosic fraction using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Separations 7:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations7040067
Abu-Thabit NY, Judeh AA, Hakeem AS, Ul-Hamid A, Umar Y, Ahmad A (2020) Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Int J Biol Macromol 155:730–739
Alharbi KL, Raman J, Shin HJ (2021) Date fruit and seed in nutricosmetics. Cosmetics 8:59
Samir D, Anfal D (2017) Control of lead and cadmium in cosmetic product (kohl) of pits dates by cyclic voltammetry. J Chem Pharm Res 9:319–323
Baliga MS, Baliga BRV, Kandathil SM, Bhat HP, Vayalil PK (2011) A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Res Int 44:1812–1822
Chandrasekaran M, Bahkali AH (2013) Valorization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruit processing by-products and wastes using bioprocess technology-review. Saudi J Biol Sci 20:105–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.12.004
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to acknowledge Miss. Nishita Gokula, Research Scholar, Department of English and Cultural Studies, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) for proofreading the chapter and commenting on linguistic aspects.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Wudali, S.N., Banadka, A., Nagella, P., Al-Khayri, J.M. (2023). Bioactive Phytochemicals from Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seed Oil Processing By-products. In: Ramadan Hassanien, M.F. (eds) Bioactive Phytochemicals from Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-products. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91381-6_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91381-6_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-91380-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-91381-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics