The Comprehensive Italian Annotated Bibliography on Tropical Tunas

Abstract

The Italian scientists have a long tradition of studies and research on the many large pelagic species, including also the tropical tuna species. Even if tropical tunas are important for the Italian industry since more than a century, they were only occasionally studied by Italian researchers. This paper attempts to list together the papers published so far by Italian scientists, concerning the biology of these species, the fisheries and many other scientific and cultural issues. The aim of this paper is to provide an annotated bibliography, with specific keywords in English, even if the bibliography is surely incomplete, because some papers are very difficult to be find. This annotated bibliography, which includes 88 papers, was set together to serve the scientists and help them in finding even some rare references that might be useful for their work.

1 Foreword

Several species belonging to the tropical tunas have been traded since the early beginning of the twentieth century by the Italian canning industries, mostly for increasing the tuna availability on the domestic market. They also raised the curiosity of some Italian scientists when they had the opportunity to carry out research campaigns in tropical waters, particularly at the time when Italy had some colonies or, in more recent times, during international cooperative activities.

This paper would like to provide the annotated overview of the Italian literature on several species of tropical tunas: skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) (FAO code: SKJ), narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson (Lacépède, 1800) (FAO code: COM), West African Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus tritor (Cuvier, 1832) (FAO code: MAW), serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis Colette, Russo and Zavala-Camin, 1978 (FAO code: BRS), cero, Scomberomorus regalis (Block, 1793) (FAO code: CER), king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) (FAO code: SSM), wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) (FAO code: WAH), Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) (FAO code: RAG), black skipjack, Euthynnus lineatus (Kishinouye, 1912) (BKJ), kawakawa, Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) (FAO code: KAW, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) (FAO code: YFT), bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) (FAO code: BET), blackfin tuna, Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson, 1831) (FAO code: BLF), southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872) (FAO code: SBF), longtail tuna, Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) (FAO code: LOT), and eastern Pacific bonito, Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier, 1832) (FAO code: BEP). Usually, some RFMOs¹ group the tropical tuna species under the general code TRO.

Some papers were written in Italian, a language which is now not on the list of the three official languages (French, English and Spanish) used in ICCAT² and in other tuna RFMOs, and therefore, possibly some foreign scientists have problems in understanding the contents.

Another reason for setting-up this Italian annotated bibliography is because some papers are not available in electronic format, and therefore, some young researchers, who are no longer used to studying and mining in traditional libraries, could be likely unable to detect the various studies that have been carried out so far on these species.

Therefore, it is a sort of national proudness trying to set-up the list of papers on these species that it was possible to find so far, annotating them with keywords in English for improving the opportunities to detect them with an electronic searching engine.

A very first and limited Italian annotated bibliography on tropical tunas was tentatively provided by Di Natale (2020), even if some annotated papers were already included in the fundamental work on tuna species provided by Corwin (1930) and later updated by Van Campen and Hoven (1956). An indexed bibliography including tropical tunas, limited to tagging, was published by Bayliff (1993). Not-annotated literature reviews including also tropical tuna species were provided by Collette and Nauen (1983), Pillai and Mallia (2007) and Collette and Graves (2019).

2 Criteria

The bibliography on tropical tunas (skipjack tuna, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, West African Spanish mackerel, serra Spanish mackerel, cero, king mackerel, wahoo, Indian mackerel, kawakawa, black skipjack, yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, blackfin tuna, southern bluefin tuna, longtail tuna and eastern Pacific bonito) included in this work was selected when an Italian scientist was the only author of a paper or when one or more Italian scientists were among the authors of collective papers.

This was the primary criterion used for selecting the many titles, independently if they were peer-reviewed papers, books, not-peer-reviewed papers, papers presented in conferences or meetings or congresses, reports to public administrations or project reports. A secondary criterium for paper selection considered those documents directly related to the target species, even if, in some cases, the tropical tunas are concerned by just a part of the text.

When vernacular names or old scientific names were used in the original paper, they were possibly listed in the annotation. The annotations required each paper to be checked in detail and this implied a huge workload.

The annotations show the main subjects in the content, and the descriptors proposed by ASFIS (Fagetti et al., 2009) have been mostly used, adding additional descriptors when necessary. As concerns the main species included in each reference, we used both the international common name(s) and the Latin name(s).

3 Discussion

Even if most of the scientific efforts of the Italian scientists over the years were devoted to the Mediterranean species, some of them worked also on tropical tuna species, thanks to the interest of the tuna industry to use these tunas. Very few research campaigns were targeting tropical tunas in the past, even if some Italian vessels were fishing also in tropical areas. The interest, in recent years, has been mostly for management or conservation studies, food safety issues and for genetic research.

The titles which are now available surely constitutes a very useful reference list for all the researchers working on tropical tunas (skipjack tuna, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, West African Spanish mackerel, serra Spanish mackerel, cero, king mackerel, wahoo, Indian mackerel, black skipjack, yellowfin tuna, bigeye tuna, blackfin tuna, southern bluefin tuna, longtail tuna and eastern Pacific bonito) and it also includes some rare papers. The opportunities provided by the web are improving the number of available articles on these species and their fisheries.

In most of the cases, when checking a document, it was possible to discover additional literature which was previously not available, transforming a part of this work as a continuous journey following Ariadne’s thread.

At the same time, during this bibliographic research, it was amazing to learn so many additional details about these species. Going through the various titles (and the text behind) in the bibliography, it is possible to find important information on many aspects of their life history and fisheries.

This work provides a list of 88 papers, all published between 1884 and 2020 (Fig. 1). Very generic references to tropical tuna species sometimes exist or can be suspected in older papers, even in the sixteenth century, but they are too imprecise and generic, and therefore, these works were not listed in this bibliography. The very first specific reference is by Premi (1884), followed by Pavesi (1887). No papers on tropical tunas were published in the first two decades of the twentieth century, 1 paper was published in the ‘20s, 4 papers were published in the ‘30s, when several fish were imported to Italy from the Italian colonies or from the Atlantic Ocean and when there was a specific interest from the tuna industry. Again, there was another decade without any paper in the ‘40s, due to the 2nd World War. The Italian scientific production on tropical tunas very slowly resumed after the ‘40s, smoothly growing till the ‘90s, when 9 papers were published. Then, due to the growing scientific and commercial interest, 18 papers (20.45%) were published between 2000 and 2009, peaking at 39 papers (43.32%) in the last decade, mostly due to conservation issues. Additional 8 papers were published in 2020.

Fig. 1

Number of the papers published on tropical tunas species by Italian authors over the years

Most of the references (61 papers, 69.32%) are in English, mirroring the fact that the majority of the papers were published in very recent years. 25 papers (28.41%) are in Italian because these papers were published when the Italian language was mandatory, or when foreign languages were not used, or because they were Italian official domestic reports, and likely this fact makes them less usable. The remaining 2.27% of the papers are written in Spanish or in Italian/English (1 paper each). Figure 2 provides a graphic image of the languages used by the Italian authors in papers on tropical tunas which are listed in this annotated bibliography.

Fig. 2

Graphic proportion of the different languages used by Italian authors in papers related to tropical tunas

Table 1a Percentages of the different themes included in the annotations to the Italian bibliography on tropical tunas (first part)

The annotations allow identifying most of the many themes included in each paper. Tables 1a and 1b shows the most relevant themes in the annotations and it is interesting to see how many aspects of the tropical tunas have been examined by the various Italian authors. Most of the papers are specifically related to the Atlantic Ocean (57 papers, 64.77%), but the studies include also the Pacific Ocean (47 papers, 53.41%), the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (42 papers each, 47.73% each) and the Red Sea (3 papers, 3.41%).

Table 1b Percentages of the different themes included in the annotations to the Italian bibliography on tropical tunas (second part)

The various countries concerned are also identified, with a majority of papers concerning Italy (23 papers, 26.14%), 6 papers related to Spain (6.82%), and then Croatia, France, Japan and Malta, with 5 papers each (5.68% each); other 21 countries are less mentioned. Among these species, the yellowfin tuna is included in 41 papers (46.59%), the skipjack tuna is mentioned in 26 papers (29.55%), the bigeye tuna and the albacore tuna are mentioned in 22 papers each (25% each), the southern bluefin tuna is mentioned in 15 papers (17.05%), the Pacific bluefin tuna is mentioned in 10 papers (11.36%), while the other species are less mentioned.

The fishing methods also have a clear relevance: the longline fishery is mentioned in 20 papers (22.73%), the purse-seine fishery is mentioned in 14 papers (15.91%), the traps are mentioned in 10 papers (11.36%) and the line fisheries (hand lines and troll lines) are mentioned in 9 papers (10.23%), while the other fisheries are less represented. Conflicts with other activities are mentioned in just 1 paper (1.14%), while the various impacts caused by the gears are mentioned in 6 papers (6.82%); by-catch is reported in 7 papers (7.95%).

The biology is included in 12 papers (13.64%), but the generic analyses (16 papers, 18.18%) and genetic studies (14 papers, 15.91%) are more relevant; food safety or security is the subject of 10 papers (11.36%), heavy metals and mercury are mentioned in 9 papers each (10.23% each) and bioaccumulation or contaminants are mentioned in 7 papers (7.95%); all these issues are very important for the tuna canning industry.

Table 2 List and ranking of the main authors included in the Italian annotated bibliography on tropical tunas

The management is included in 10 papers (11.36%), generic RFMOs are mentioned in 6 papers (6.82%), stock structure is mentioned in 4 papers (4.55%), while the conservation status concerns 15 papers (17.05%) and IUCN is mentioned in 16 papers (18.18%).

The tuna trade and the tuna industry are reported in 19 papers each (21.59% each), the markets are reported in 18 papers (20.45%), the canning industry is reported in 15 papers (17.05%), while several aspects of the tuna economy are also mentioned in various papers. The social problems are mentioned in 4 papers (4.55%), while social sciences, traditions, history, fishermen, food habits, culture and many other themes are also included in other papers.

Table 2 shows the ranking of the main authors included in the Italian annotated bibliography on tropical tunas, over a total of 146 authors. Based on the institutional workplace of each author, it is very clear that the most of the authors are belonging to the four main research centres targeting the large pelagics in Italy: Messina, Bologna-Fano, Genova and Bari, where Universities and other research institutes were historically located. Among the authors, there are most of the Italian national research coordinators for the large pelagics over the years (Arena, De Metrio, Piccinetti and Di Natale). Just one paper is by an anonymous author(s).

Due to the number of references, the Italian annotated bibliography on tropical tunas is provided in Annex 1 to this paper.

4 Conclusion

This work was able to find also the several scientific expeditions carried out by Italian scientists on tropical oceans, such as those by Bini in the Atlantic Ocean (1931 and 1936) and in the Pacific Ocean (1952), by Ninni in the Red Sea (1931) and by Arena in West African waters (1964 and 1967), papers that are usually never mentioned by foreign scientists working on tropical tunas. Therefore, listing them in this annotated bibliography is someway important.

Even if it is evident that the tropical tunas have been not the main scientific interest of Italian scientists, it is clear that several research activities have been conducted on many species, mostly in the last century. The list of scientific papers on tropical tunas here provided is still certainly incomplete but the aim of this work is also to further stimulate scientists to provide additional titles, with the purpose to create a very complete reference list to be used by all the researchers working on these species or on related subjects, for helping them in their work.

It is sure that additional documents are certainly existing, but it was not possible to find them during this bibliographic research. Indeed, this is a never-ending work and possibly this work will be never completed.

In recent years many scientists and particularly (but not only) young researchers are adopting a sort of selective attitude when they prepare their papers, avoiding even to mention papers that were not published in peer-review journals or by scientists who are competing with them. This attitude is clearly causing a serious scientific problem because there are several very recent papers that are not at all using the knowledge available so far, which sometimes means forgetting an important part of the scientific knowledge and culture we already have.

Clearly, this paper can improve the knowledge on available Italian studies on tropical tunas and this annotated bibliography was made exactly for providing a helping hand to all the colleagues working on these species.

Annex 1: Annotated Italian Bibliography on Tropical Tunas (TRO)

• 1. Anonymous, 1927. La produzione di pesci in iscatola negli Stati Uniti durante l’anno 1926. Boll. Pesca Piscic. Idrobiol., 3 (5): 17–18.

  • i. Tuna industry, canned tuna, production, export, tropical tunas, Thunnus spp., United States, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

• 2. Arena P., 1964. Missione di studio sulla pesca in Africa Occidentale. Rapporto al Centro Sperimentale della Pesca, Messina: 1–85.

  • i. Experimental fishery, exploratory fishery, fishery research, bottom trawl fishery, coastal fishery, pelagic fishery, longline fishery, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Atlantic little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus, albacora, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, bigeye, Thunnus obesus, Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, West Africa, Gulf of Guinea, western Atlantic Ocean.

• 3. Arena P., 1967. La pesca del tonno nell’Atlantico intertropicale. Rivista della Pesca, Luglio-Settembre, 3: 536–590.

  • i. Longline fishery, purse-seine fishery, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus, albacora, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, bigeye, Thunnus obesus, Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, West Africa, Gulf of Guinea, Tropical seas, western Atlantic Ocean.

• 4. Baiocchi C., Medana C., Dal Bello F., Giancotti R., Aigotti R., Gastaldi D., 2015. Analysis of regioisomers of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols in marine matrices by HPLC/HRMS. Food Chemistry, 166: 551–560. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814614009534 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.067.

  • i. Fish oil, tuna oil, algae oil, analyses, mass spectrometry, thermal induced fragmentation, CID MS/MS tag fragmentation, HPLC/HRMS methodology, Omega-3 fatty acids, intestine absorption, polyunsaturated triacylglycerols composition, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares.

• 5. Barbujani F., 1980. I problemi della conservazione e trasformazione dei prodotti ittici. In: Contributo della Pesca alla soluzione del problema alimentare. Atti Conf. Naz. Pesca, CNEL, Roma: 169–190.

  • i. Industry, preserves, canning, import, export, market, distribution, marketing, fish consumption, nutritional value, energy inputs, food safety, frozen products, refrigerated products, vacuum products, dried products, cod, Gadus morhua, tropical tunas, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean.

• 6. Bayona-Vásquez N.J., Glenn T.C., Uribe-Alcocer M., Pecoraro C., Díaz-Jaimes P., 2018. Complete mitochondrial genome of the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and the blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus): notes on mtDNA introgression and paraphyly on tunas. Conservation Genetics Resources, 10 (4): 697–699.

  • i. Genetic analyses, mitochondrial genome, DNA, nuclear loci, paraphyly, phylogenetic relationship, introgression, genus Thunnus, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, blackfin tuna, Thunnus atlanticus, Atlantic Ocean.

• 7. Bernardi C., Tirloni E., Cattaneo P., 2015. Content of methylmercury in swordfish (Xiphias gladius), tuna (Thunnus thynnus and Thunnus albacares) and sharks (Prionace glauca, Mustelus mustelus and Isurus oxyrinchus): Estimation of the exposure on the Italian consumer. Industrie Alimentari, 54: 5–12.

  • i. Heavy metals contamination, bioaccumulation, methylmercury, provisional tolerable weekly intake, PTWI, health problems, consumers, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, blue shark, Prionace glauca, smooth–hound, Mustelus mustelus, shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

• 8. Bernardi C., Tirloni E., Stella S., Anastasio A., Cattaneo P., Colombo F., 2019. ß-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase activity differentiates unfrozen from frozen-thawed Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Italian Journal of Food Safety, 8 (3): 6971. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2019.6971.

  • i. Frozen-thawed tuna, HADH, ß-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase activity, fresh-frozen differentiation, formaldehyde, dimethylamine, trimethylamine oxide, import, export, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, Italy, Maldives, Indian Ocean.

• 9. Bini G., 1931. Rapporto sulla crociera di pesca del tonno compiuta a bordo del piropeschereccio “Orata” nell’Atlantico. Boll. Pesca, Piscic. Idrobiol., 7(I): 57–90.

  • i. Experimental fishery, fishing gear, gear technology, longlines, size measurements, yellowfin tuna, Neothunnus albacora, Thunnus albacares, bigeye tuna, Parathunnus obesus, Thunnus obesus, Canary Islands, Atlantic Ocean.

• 10. Bini G., 1936. La pesca oceanica e l’industria del pesce congelato. Boll. Pesca, Piscic. Idrobiol., 12(IV).

  • i. Oceanic fishery, trawl fishery, longline fishery, demersal species, fishing industry, frozen fish, yellowfin tuna, Neothunnus albacora, Thunnus albacares, bigeye tuna, Parathunnus obesus, Thunnus obesus, Atlantic Ocean.

• 11. Bini G., 1952. Osservazioni sulla fauna marina delle coste del Chile e del Perù con speciale riguardo alle specie ittiche in generale ed ai tonni in particolare. Boll. Pesca, Piscic. Idrobiol., 28 (VII n.s.), 1: 11–60.

  • i. Fish distribution, biology, reproduction, populations, migrations, juveniles, oceanography, environmental conditions, description, iconography, bibliography, yellowfin tuna, Neuthunnus macropterus, Thunnus albacares, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, eastern Pacific bonito, Sarda chiliensis, albacore, Thunnus germo, Thunnus alalunga, Chile, Peru, Pacific Ocean.

• 12. Bonanno A., Douglas H. C., 1996. Caught in the Net: The Global Tuna Industry, Environmentalism and the State. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas: 1–346.

  • i. Global tuna industry, global markets, tuna ranching, dolphin safe label, purse-seine fishery, tuna fisheries, export, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, bigeye, Thunnus obesus, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean.

• 13. Camiñas A., Di Natale A., Munch-Petersen S., Blasdale T., Casale P., Calvo A., Deflorio M., Giacoma C., Concalves J., Kapantagakis A., Margaritoulis D., Pinnegar J., Althoff W., Astudillo A., Biagi F., Sheperd I., Weissenberger J., 2005. Drifting longline fisheries and their turtle by-catches: biological and ecological issues, overview of the problems and mitigation approaches. Report of the first meeting of the subgroup on by-catches of turtles in the EU longline fisheries (SGRST/SGFEN 05–01) of the Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries (STECF) of the Commission of the European Communities, Bruxelles, 4–8 July 2005. Commission Staff Working Paper, SEC(2005): 1–87.

  • i. Pelagic longline fisheries, gear impact, impact evaluation, biology, ethology, behaviour, ecology, target species, by-catch, hooks, gear technology, fleets, CPUE, mitigation measures, marine turtles, IUCN status, loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, green turtle, Chelonia mydas, hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, Kemp’s ridley turtle, Lepidochelys kempi, olive ridley turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea, flatback turtle, Natator depressus, leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, porbeagle, Lamna nasus, blue shark, Prionace glauca, mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, longbill spearfish, Tetrapturus pfluegeri, Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda, Angola, Cape Verde, Cyprus, France, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Greece, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Italy, Ivory Coast, Kiribati, Mauritania, Madagascar, Malta, Mauritius, Salomon Islands, Seychelles, Săo Tome and Principe, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

• 14. Cammilleri G., Vazzana M., Arizza V., Giunta F., Vella A., Lo Dico G., Giaccone V., Giofrè S.V., Giangrosso G., Cicero N., Ferrantelli V., 2017. Mercury in fish products: What’s the best for consumers between blue tuna and yellow tuna? Nat. Prod. Res. 32, 457–462.

  • i. Heavy metals, mercury, Hg, muscle, bioaccumulation, food safety, mercury direct analyser, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean.

• 15. Catanese G., 2006. Caracterización de las poblaciones de melva (Auxis spp) por métodos de biología molecular y diferenciación frente a otras especies de túnidos. Thesis, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Universidad de Cordoba: 1–136.

  • i. Species discrimination, genetic analyses, mDNA, nDNA, clusters, Scombridae family, bullet tuna, Auxis rochei, frigate tuna, Auxis thazard, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Atlantic little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean.

• 16. Catanese G., Infante C., Manchado M., 2008. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of the frigate tuna Auxis thazard and the bullet tuna Auxis rochei. DNA Sequence, 19:3, 159–166, https://doi.org/10.1080/10425170701207117.

  • i. Genetic analyses, mDNA, phylogeny, mitogenome, mitotype, bullet tuna, Auxis rochei, frigate tuna, Auxis thazard, Andalucia, Spain, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean.

• 17. Catarci C., 2005. The world tuna industry, an analysis of imports and prices and of their combined impact on catches and tuna fishing capacity. In: Bayliff W. H., de Leiva Moreno J. I., Majkowski J. (eds), Proceedings of Second Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee of the FAO project Management of tuna fishing capacity: conservation and socio-economics, Madrid, Spain, 15–18 March, 2004: 235–278.

  • i. Tuna industry, tuna trade, tuna import, tuna export, markets, prices, impact on wild stocks, tuna fishing capacity, tuna species, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, world oceans, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea.

• 18. Collette B., Acero A., Amorim A.F., Boustany A., Canales Ramirez C., Cardenas G., Carpenter K.E., Chang S.-K., de Oliveira Leite Jr. N., Di Natale A., Die D., Fox W., Fredou F.L., Graves J., Guzman-Mora A., Viera Hazin F.H., Hinton M., Juan Jorda M., Minte Vera C., Miyabe N., Montano Cruz R., Masuti E., Nelson R., Oxenford H., Restrepo V., Salas E., Schaefer K., Schratwieser J., Serra R., Sun C., Teixeira Lessa R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos P.E., Uozumi Y., Yanez E., 2011a. Thunnus albacares, Yellofin tuna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T21857A9327139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21857A9327139.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

• 19. Collette B., Di Natale A., Fox W., Juan Jorda M., Miyabe N., Nelson R., Sun C., Uozumi Y., 2011. Thunnus tonggol, Longtail tuna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170351A6763691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170351A6763691.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, longtail tuna, Thunnus tonggol, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

• 20. Collette B., Acero A., Amorim A.F., Boustany A., Canales Ramirez C., Cardenas G., Carpenter K.E., Chang S.-K., Chiang W., de Oliveira Leite Jr. N., Di Natale A., Die D., Fox W., Fredou F.L., Graves J., Viera Hazin F.H., Hinton M., Juan Jorda M., Minte Vera C., Miyabe N., Montano Cruz R., Nelson R., Oxenford H., Restrepo V., Schaefer K., Schratwieser J., Serra R., Sun C., Teixeira Lessa R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos P.E., Uozumi Y., Yanez, E., 2011b. Thunnus obesus, Bigeye tuna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T21859A9329255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21859A9329255.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

• 21. Collette B., Chang S.-K., Di Natale A., Fox W., Juan Jorda M., Miyabe N., Nelson R., Uozumi Y., Wang S., 2011c. Thunnus maccoyii, Southern bluefin tuna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T21858A9328286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21858A9328286.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyi, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

• 22. Collette B., Chang S.-K., Di Natale A., Fox W., Juan Jorda M., Miyabe N., Nelson R., 2011d. Scomberomorus commerson, Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170316A6745396. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170316A6745396.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea.

• 23. Collette B., Amorim A.F., Boustany A., Carpenter K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr. N., Di Natale A., Fox W., Fredou F.L., Graves J., Viera Hazin F.H., Juan Jorda M., Minte Vera, C. Miyabe, N., Nelson R., Oxenford H., Teixeira Lessa R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos P.E., 2011e. Scomberomorus brasiliensis, Serra Spanish mackerel. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170335A6753567. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170335A6753567.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, Serra Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus brasiliensis, western Atlantic Ocean.

• 24. Collette B., Amorim A.F., Boustany A., Carpenter K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr. N., Di Natale A., Fox W., Fredou F.L., Graves J., Viera Hazin F.H., Juan Jorda M., Minte Vera C., Miyabe N., Nelson R., Oxenford H., Teixeira Lessa R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos P.E., 2011f. Scomberomorus regalis, Cero. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170327A6749725. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170327A6749725.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, cero, Scomberomorus regalis, western Atlantic Ocean.

• 25. Collette B., Amorim A.F., Boustany A., Carpenter K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr. N., Di Natale A., Fox W., Fredou F.L., Graves J., Viera Hazin F.H., Juan Jorda M., Minte Vera C., Miyabe N., Nelson R., Oxenford H., Teixeira Lessa R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos P.E., 2011 g. Scomberomorus cavalla, king mackerel. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170339A6755835. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170339A6755835.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, Atlantic Ocean.

• 26. Collette B., Amorim A.F., Boustany A., Carpenter K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr. N., Di Natale A., Fox W., Fredou F.L., Graves J., Viera Hazin F.H., Juan Jorda M., Minte Vera C., Miyabe N., Nelson R., Oxenford H., Teixeira Lessa R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos P.E., 2011 h. Scomberomorus tritor, West African Spanish mackerel. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170326A6749128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170326A6749128.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, West African Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus tritor, eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea.

• 27. Collette B., Di Natale A., Fox W., Juan Jorda M., Nelson R., 2011i. Scomberomorus guttatus, Indian Spanish mackerel. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170311A6742170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170311A6742170.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, Indian Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus guttatus, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, western Pacific Ocean.

• 28. Collette B., Boustany A., Carpenter K.E., Di Natale A., Fox W., Graves J., Juan Jorda M., Kada O., Nelson R., Oxenford H., 2011j. Orcynopsis unicolor, Plain bonito. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170319A6746129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170319A6746129.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, plain bonito, Orcynopsis unicolor, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea.

• 29. Collette B., Acero A., Canales Ramirez C., Cardenas G., Carpenter K.E., Di Natale A., Guzman-Mora A., Montano Cruz R., Nelson R., Schaefer K., Serra R., Yanez E., 2011 k. Sarda chiliensis, Pacific bonito. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170352A6763952. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170352A6763952.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, eastern Pacific bonito, Sarda chiliensis, eastern Pacific Ocean.

• 30. Collette B., Acero A., Canales Ramirez C., Cardenas G., Carpenter K.E., Chang S.-K., Di Natale A., Fox W., Guzman-Mora A., Juan Jorda M., Miyabe N., Montano Cruz R., Nelson R., Salas E., Schaefer K., Serra R., Uozumi Y., Yanez E., 2011 l. Sarda orientalis, Oriental bonito. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170313A6743337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170313A6743337.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, oriental bonito, striped bonito, Sarda orientalis, eastern Pacific Ocean, western Indian Ocean.

• 31. Collette B., Acero A., Amorim A.F., Boustany A., Canales Ramirez C., Cardenas G., Carpenter K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr. N., Di Natale A., Die D., Fox W., Fredou F.L., Graves J., Guzman-Mora A., Viera Hazin F.H., Hinton M., Juan Jorda M., Kada O., Minte Vera C., Miyabe N., Montano Cruz R., Nelson R., Oxenford H., Restrepo V., Salas E., Schaefer K., Schratwieser J., Serra R., Sun C., Teixeira Lessa R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos P.E., Uozumi Y., Yanez E., 2011 m. Acanthocybium solandri, Wahoo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170331A6750961. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170331A6750961.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea.

• 32. Collette B., Acero A., Amorim A.F., Boustany A., Canales Ramirez C., Cardenas G., Carpenter K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr. N., Di Natale A., Fox W., Fredou F.L., Graves J., Guzman-Mora A., Viera Hazin F.H., Juan Jorda M., Kada O., Minte Vera C., Miyabe N., Montano Cruz R., Nelson R., Oxenford H., Salas E., Schaefer K., Serra R., Sun C., Teixeira Lessa R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos P.E., Uozumi Y., Yanez E., 2011n. Katsuwonus pelamis, Oceanic bonito. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T170310A6739812. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T170310A6739812.en.

  • i. Conservation status, status assessment, red list, IUCN, fishery, data, Oceanic bonito, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea.

• 33. Dagorn L., Bach P., Robinson J., Deneubourg J.L., Moreno G., Di Natale A., Tserpes G., Travassos P., Dufossé L., Taquet M., Robin J.J., Valettini B., Afonso J., Koutsikopoulos C., 2008. MADE: Preliminary information on a new EC project to propose measures to mitigate adverse impacts of open ocean fisheries targeting large pelagic fish. IOTC, WPEB, 14: 1–12.

  • i. FAD fishery, longline fishery, electronic tagging, impact mitigation, alternative baits, swordfish fishery, Xiphias gladius, tropical tunas, pelagic sharks, by-catch, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean.

• 34. Dagorn L., Bach P., Robinson J., Deneubourg J.L., Moreno G., Di Natale A., Tserpes G., Travassos P., Dufossé L., Taquet M., Robin J.J., Valettini B., Afonso J., Koutsikopoulos C., 2009. MADE: Preliminary information on a new EC project to propose measures to mitigate adverse impacts of open ocean fisheries targeting large pelagic fish. SCRS/2008/194, Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap., ICCAT, 64 (7): 2318–2533.

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• 35. Dagorn L., Bach P., Robinson J., Deneubourg J.L., Moreno G., Di Natale A., Tserpes G., Travassos P., Dufossé L., Taquet M., Robin J.J., Valettini B., Afonso J., Koutsikopoulos C., 2013. Mitigating Adverse Ecological Aspects in Open Ocean Fisheries. Project 210496, 7th FP, final report to the European Commission. http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/149406_en.html.

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• 36. Da Rodda F., 2014. Il pesce del popolo, i popoli del pesce. Storia, cultura ed economia della pesca e del consumo del tonno nel Mondo. Thesis. Corso di Laurea in Scienze e Cultura della Gastronomia e della Ristorazione. Dipartimento di Agronomia, Animali, Alimenti, Risorse naturali ed Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Padova: 1–87.

  • i. Commercial tunas, biology, history, prehistorical times, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Middle Ages, modern age, industrial fishery, fishing technologies, fishery evolution, economy, markets, fishing capacity, IUU, RFMOs, stock, tuna industry, Japanese markets, certifications, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, blackfin tuna, Thunnus atlanticus, southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyi, bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, long tailed tuna, Thunnus tonggol, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea.

• 37. Del Caro A., Franco M.A., Sferlazzo G., Serra A., Menghini V., 1991. Approccio statistico multivariato nella discriminazione mediante parametri chimici di tonni di sesso diverso. Riv. Merceolog., 30 (3): 183–192.

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• 38. Del Caro A., Franco M.A., Sferlazzo G., Serra A., Menghini V., 1994. Analisi chemiometrica di tonni di diversa taglia e specie. Atti XVI Congresso Nazionale di Merceologia, Università di Pavia: 343–350.

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• 39. De Metrio G., Corriero A., Deflorio M., 2006. Migration and spawning of northern bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus thynnus. Comparison with two other subspecies Thunnus thynnus orientalis, Thunnus maccoyii. Aqua 2006, Conference of the World Aquaculture Society, Florence, 10–13 May 2006, Book of Abstracts: 1 p.

  • i. Migrations, spawning, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, Southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean.

• 40. De Metrio G., Deflorio M., Mylonas C.C., Bridges C.R., Vassallo-Agius R., Gordin H., Caggiano M., Caprioli R., Santamaria N., Zupa R., Pousis C., Di Gioia T., Losurdo M., Spedicato D., Corriero A., 2009. The Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Spawning In Captivity. Sustainable Aquaculture of the Bluefin and Yellowfin Tuna. Closing the Life Cycle for Commercial Production, December 1–2, 2009. SARDI, Adelaide, Australia, Book of Abstracts: 1p.

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• 41. Diaha N.C., Zudaire I., Chassot E., Pecoraro C., Bodin N., Amandè M.J., Dewals P., Romeo M.U., Irié Y.D., Barryga B.D., Gbeazere D.A., Kouaidio D., 2015. Present and future of reproductive biology studies of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap., ICCAT, 71: 489–509.

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• 42. Diaha N.C., Zudaire I., Chassot E., Barrigah B.D., Irié Y.D., Gbeazere D.A., Kouadio D., Pecoraro C., Romeo M.U., Murua H., Amandè M.J., Dewals P., Bodin N., 2016. Annual monitoring of reproductive traits of female yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap., ICCAT, 72: 534–548.

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• 43. Di Marco Pisciottano I., Mita D.G., Gallo P., 2020. Bisphenol A, octylphenols and nonylphenols in fish muscle determined by LC/ESI–MS/MS after affinity chromatography clean up. Food Additives and Contaminants Part B, 13 (2): 139–147.

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• 44. Di Natale A., 1989. Progetto integrato per lo sviluppo della pesca e della commercializzazione del pescato nella Repubblica di Djibouti. C.I.C. S.p.A., Roma. Report to Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Direzione Generale per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo: 1–187.

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• 45. Di Natale A., 2020. The Italian annotated bibliography on tropical tunas. SCRS/2020/113, Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap., ICCAT, 77 (8): 1–17.

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• 46. Di Natale A., Rotta G., Rainero E., 1993. Interactions of Pacific Tuna Fisheries. FAO-IED Cooperative Research. Informative Booklet: 8 p.

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• 47. Di Natale A., Srour A., Hattour A., Keskin Ç., Idrissi M., Orsi Relini L., 2008. Regional study on small tunas in the Mediterranean including the Black Sea. GFCM-FAO, Studies and Reviews, 85: 1–150.

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• 48. Galli L.J.G., Shiels H.A., Brill R.W., 2009. Temperature Sensitivity of Cardiac Function in Pelagic Fishes with Different Vertical Mobilities: Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares), Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus), Mahimahi (Coryphaena hippurus), and Swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 82, (3): 280–290.

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• 51. Greco N., Di Natale A., Pederzoli A., Severini P., 1989. Progetto integrato per lo sviluppo della pesca nel Faritany di Toulear (Madagascar). T.P.L. S.p.A., Roma. Report to Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Direzione Generale per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, 2 vol.: 1–62, 1–240.

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• 52. Infante C., Catanese G., Ponce M., Manchado M., 2004. Novel method for the authentication of frigate tunas (Auxis thazard and Auxis rochei) in commercial canned products. J. Agr. Food Chem., 52: 7435–7443.

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• 53. Longo S., 2011. Global sushi: the political economy of the Mediterranean bluefin tuna fishery in the modern era. American Sociological Association, XVII (2): 403–427. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282529250_Global_Sushi_The_Political_Economy_of_the_Mediterranian_Bluefin_Tuna_Fishery_in_the_Modern_Era

  • i. International tuna trade, history, social sciences, political economy, tuna fishery, industrial fishery, longline fishery, purse-seine fishery, tuna traps, tuna ranching, tuna farms, global markets, export, fresh tuna, frozen tuna, tuna consumption, food habits, sushi, sashimi, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, Italy, Turkey, Malta, Croatia, France, Spain, Tunisia, Mediterranean Sea, Japan, United States of America.

• 54. Malvarosa L., De Young C., 2010. Fish trade among Mediterranean countries: intraregional trade and import–export with the European Union. Studies and Reviews. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean, Rome, FAO, 86: 1–93.

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• 55. Manfredi G., 2018. Callipo dal 1913. La storia, gli uomini, il mare. Rubbettino Edit., Soveria Mannelli: 1–207.

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• 56. Manzoni P., 1987. Enciclopedia illustrata delle specie ittiche marine di interesse commerciale aventi denominazione stabilita dalla normativa italiana. Ist. Geogr. De Agostini, Novara: 1–127.

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• 57. Marrone R., Mascolo C., Palma G., Smaldone G., Girasole M., Anastasio A., 2015. Carbon monoxide residues in vacuum-packed yellowfin tuna loins (Thunnus albacares). Italian Journal of Food Safety, 4: 142–144. https://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/ijfs/article/view/ijfs.2015.4528/4823

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• 59. Moore B.R., Adams T., Allain V., Bell J.D., Bigler M., Bromhead D., Clark S., Davies C., Evans K., Faasili U.Jr, Farley J., Fitchett M., Grewe P.M., Hampton J., Hyde J., Leroy B., Lewis A., Lorrain A., Macdonald J.I., Marie A.D., Minte-Vera C., Natasha J., Nicol S., Obregon P., Peatman T., Pecoraro C., Phillip N.B.Jr, Pilling G.M., Rico C., Sanchez C., Scott R., Scutt Phillips J., Stockwell B., Tremblay-Boyer L., Usu T., Williams A.J., Smith N., 2020. Defining the stock structures of key commercial tunas in the Pacific Ocean II: Sampling considerations and future directions. Fisheries Research, 230, 105,524: 1–17.

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• 67. Pecoraro C., Babbucci M., Villamor A., Franch R., Papetti C., Leroy B., Ortega-Garcia S., Muir J., Rooker J., Arocha F., Murua H., Zudaire I., Chassot E., Bodin N., Tinti F., Bargelloni L., Cariani A., 2016. Methodological assessment of 2b-RAD genotyping technique for population structure inferences in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Marine Genomics, 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2015.12.002.

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• 83. Storelli M.M., Normanno G., Barone G., Dambrosio A., Errico L., Garofalo R., Giacominelli-Stuffler R., 2012. Toxic metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb) in fishery products imported into Italy: suitability for human consumption. J. Food Prot., 75 (1): 189–194. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-212.

  • i. Contaminants, heavy metals, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), toxicity, market, import, food safety, crustaceans, molluscs, fish species, longtail tuna, Thunnus tonggol, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, tropical Oceans.

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• 88. Zambernardi A., 2020. Calar tonnara. Etnografia di una maricultura mediterranea, PhD Thesis, Ciclo XXXI, Scienze Psicologiche Antropologiche e dell’Educazione, Dipartimento di Culture, politiche e Società, Università degli Studi di Torino, and Doctorado en Ciencias Económicas, Empresariales y Sociales, Departamento de Antropología Social, Universidad de Sevilla, Tip. Eco 2000, Torino: 1–537.

  • i. Anthropology, ethnography, culture, tuna morphology, tuna migrations, tuna ethology, tuna reproduction, tuna spawning, traditions, myths, legends, religion, songs, cialoma, crew, Rais, fishermen, trap divers, tuna traps, trap technology, trap vessels, trap setting, tuna harvesting, mattanza, tuna industry, tuna canning, tuna in oil, salted tuna, dried tuna, tuna products, stomach, hearth, fillets, bottarga, trap history, traps list, traps locations, glossary in Italian, glossary in Spanish, bibliography, filmography, by-catch, dolphins, manta rays, sunfish, pelagic sharks, marine turtles, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, swordfish, Xiphias gladius, albacore, Thunnus alalunga, Mediterranean spearfish, Tetrapturus belone, skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, Atlantic little tunny, Euthynnus alletteratus, yellofin tuna, Thunnus albacares, southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, longtail tuna, Thunnus tonggol, blackfin tuna, Thunnus atlanticus, Sardinia, Sicily, Campania, Tuscany, Italy, Spain, Morocco, Portugal, France, Croatia, Turkey, Algeria, Tunis, Libya, Malta, Sardinian Sea, Strait of Sicily, western Mediterranean Sea, central Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Levantine Sea, Marmara Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean.