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Sunscreens: Toxic Effects as Determined by Biomarkers

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Biomarkers in Toxicology

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Abstract

Biomarkers are known to occur in body fluids such as blood or tissues that can be used as a sign of normal or abnormal processes. Genomic and proteomic approaches have directed the discovery of melanoma-specific biomarkers. Sunscreen that contains UV-filters provides photoprotection to the skin by reflecting, scattering, and absorbing light. Sunscreen can be organic (or chemical) or inorganic (ZnO and TiO2). Biomarkers may help in the body’s attempt to initiate reparative processes. The growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) along with cytokines upregulation are the novel pathways involved during cellular oxidative stress. These are the protective cellular mechanisms against reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress-based biomarkers are very significant for giving a base to design appropriate interventions to inhibit or alleviate injury. Studies revealed that photosensitized sunscreen ingredients show mitochondrial-induced apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 in human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell line. Sunscreens have also been associated with photoallergic reactions.

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Abbreviations

8-OHdG:

8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine

AD:

Atopic dermatitis

AVB:

Avobenzone

BP:

Benzophenone

CCL-1:

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1

CXCL 13:

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13

IFN-γ:

Interferon-gamma

IgE antibodies:

Immunoglobulin E antibodies

IL-1RA:

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist

IL-1α:

Interleukin-1 alpha

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCF-7 cell line:

Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cell line

NPs:

Nanoparticles

OD-PABA:

Octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid

ONOO-:

Peroxynitrite

PABA:

p-Aminobenzoic acid

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

UVR:

Ultraviolet radiation

γ-H2AX:

Gamma-H2AX histone variant

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Photobiology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, India

    Deepti Chopra, Mohd Danish Kamar, Saumya Shukla, Sunil Kumar Patel & Madhu Bala

  2. Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Sciences, Babu Banarasi Das University, BBD City, Lucknow, India

    Deepti Chopra & Saumya Shukla

  3. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR Headquarters, Ghaziabad, India

    Mohd Danish Kamar, Sunil Kumar Patel & Madhu Bala

  4. Environmental Lab, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA

    Saroj Kumar Amar

  5. School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India

    Saroj Kumar Amar

Authors
  1. Deepti Chopra
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  2. Mohd Danish Kamar
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  3. Saumya Shukla
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  4. Sunil Kumar Patel
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  5. Madhu Bala
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  6. Saroj Kumar Amar
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Correspondence to Deepti Chopra .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Sch Biomed & Health Sci, Wilkins Bldg, King's College London Franklin, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

  3. Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Med City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Rajkumar Rajendram

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Chopra, D., Kamar, M.D., Shukla, S., Patel, S.K., Bala, M., Amar, S.K. (2022). Sunscreens: Toxic Effects as Determined by Biomarkers. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R., Rajendram, R. (eds) Biomarkers in Toxicology. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_49-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87225-0_49-1

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-87225-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-87225-0

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