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Waterborne and Foodborne Zoonoses

Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: Trickle or Treat?

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Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Abstract

Cryptosporidiosis usually manifests as gastrointestinal infection and is associated with considerable morbidity and, in some circumstances, mortality. Effective treatment that is suitable for all patients, including those that are particularly affected by infection, children and the immunocompromised, is lacking.

There are several species of Cryptosporidium, some of which are zoonotic. The most important of these zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum, but others, including C. cuniculus (predominantly associated with rabbits), C. meleagridis (predominantly associated with poultry), and C. ubiquitum (predominantly associated with sheep and cervids), are also of public health importance. C. hominis is generally only infective to humans. Subtypes within species have also been identified, with varying host-specificities, and, in addition, some genotypes have been identified that may, potentially, be recognized as individual species as more information accumulates.

Cryptosporidium is particularly suited to waterborne transmission, but foodborne transmission has also occurred on multiple occasions and outbreaks have been documented. In this chapter various waterborne outbreaks are reviewed, particularly those associated with zoonotic transmission, and also Standard Methods for analyzing water and food samples for contamination with these parasites. Although most waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis are due to C. hominis (and are therefore not zoonotic), most foodborne outbreaks are apparently zoonotic. Zoonotic transmission also occurs when there is close contact between infected animals and humans, particularly veterinary students and young children on petting farms. Thus, cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonosis with the potential for causing community-wide outbreaks of disease due to both waterborne and foodborne transmission.

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  1. Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

    Lucy J. Robertson & Ian Woolsey

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  1. Dept. of Infectiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Bayern, Germany

    Andreas Sing

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Robertson, L.J., Woolsey, I. (2022). Waterborne and Foodborne Zoonoses. In: Sing, A. (eds) Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Humans and Animals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_32-1

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