Skip to main content

Nature-Based Solutions for Public Green Spaces in Sub-Saharan Africa—Integrating Place-Making and Green Infrastructure

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
African Cities Through Local Eyes

Part of the book series: The Urban Book Series ((UBS))

Abstract

Transforming unsuccessful public spaces into successful ones is challenging, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where public open spaces often compete with other pressing needs such as basic services and housing. Due to budget constraints and restricted capacity, public open spaces are often ill-maintained, left without dedicated functions, and underutilised. This leads to a loss in potential economic, social, and environmental values. In keeping with the international shift towards nature-based approaches under broader sustainability thinking, this chapter investigates the possibilities of an integrated nature-based approach to develop public open spaces in Sub-Sahara Africa as public green spaces, drawing on the development concepts of place-making and green infrastructure. Following a review of both concepts and in recognition of the unique contexts that inform public open space development in Sub-Saharan Africa, the chapter considers a specific public open space, Trim Park, in the South African town of Potchefstroom. The chapter draws on a community survey distributed amongst two sample groups in Potchefstroom probing community preferences for Trim Park. Results are reconciled with core place-making and green infrastructure principles, in which “safety” and “diversity” are identified as main objectives when considering integrated nature-based solutions for Trim Park. Empirical results are used to recommend certain nature-based urban planning and design solutions for Sub-Saharan Africa that may hold equal value for public green spaces across the globe, if contextualised and applied with sensitivity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahern J (2007) Green infrastructure for cities: the spatial dimension. In: Novotny V, Brown P (eds) Cities of the future towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management. IWA Publishing, London, UK, pp 267–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahern J, Cilliers SS, Niemelä J (2014) The concept of ecosystem services in adaptive urban planning and design: a framework for supporting innovation. Landsc Urban Plan 125:254–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anguluri R, Narayanan P (2017) Original article: role of green space in urban planning: outlook towards smart cities. Urban for Urban Green 25:58–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Artmann M, Kohler M, Meinel G, Gan J, Ioja IC (2019) How smart growth and green infrastructure can mutually support each other—a conceptual framework for compact and green cities. Ecol Ind 96:10–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barendse P, Duerink S, Govaart Y (2007) A multi stakeholder collaborative urban planning model. In: ENHR 2007 international conference ‘Sustainable Urban Areas’, workshop 21: tools to facilitate housing and urban processes, Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Baycan-Levent T, Vreeker R, Nijkamp P (2009) A multi-criteria evaluation of green spaces in European cities. Eur Urban Reg Stud 16(2):193–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beery T, Raymond C, Kyttä M, Olafsson A, Plieninger T, Sandberg M, Stenseke M, Tengö M, Jönsson K (2017) Fostering incidental experiences of nature through green infrastructure planning. J Hum Environ 46:717–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benedict MA, Macmahon ET (2002) Green infrastructure: smart conservation for the 21st century. Renew Resour J 20(3):12–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumer H (1969) Fashion: from class differentiation to collective selection. Sociol Q 10(3):275–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1969.tb01292.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casepersen OH, Konijnendijk CC, Olafsson AS (2006) Green-space planning and land use: an assessment of urban regional and green structure planning in Greater Copenhagen. Geografisk Tidsskrift, Dan J Geogr 106(2):7–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen WY, Hu FZY (2015) Producing nature for public: land-based urbanization and provision of public green spaces in China. Appl Geogr 58:32–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiesura A (2004) The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landsc Urban Plan 68(1):129–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cilliers E, Timmermans W (2016) Transforming spaces into lively public open places: Case studies of practical interventions. J Urban Des 21(6):836–849

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cilliers EJ, Cilliers SS (2016) Planning for green infrastructure: options for South African cities. South African Cities Network, Johannesburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Cilliers EJ, Diemont E, Stobbelaar DJ, Timmermans W (2011) Enhancing sustainable development by means of the workbench method. Environ Plan B Plan Des 38(4):579–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cilliers SS, Cilliers EJ, Lubbe CE, Siebert SJ (2013) Ecosystem services of urban green spaces in African countries—perspectives and challenges. Urban Ecosyst 16(4):681–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cilliers S, Du Toit M, Cilliers J, Drewes E, Retief F (2014) Sustainable urban landscapes: South African perspectives on transdisciplinary possibilities. Landsc Urban Plan 125:260–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cilliers EJ,Cilliers SS (2015) From green to gold: a South African example of valuing urban green spaces in some residential areas in Potchefstroom. Town Regional Planning 67:1–12. ISBN: 1012-280. African Journals Online (AJOL). http://www.ajol.info/index.php/trp/article/view/130508

  • Cornelius GS, Viviers J, Cilliers EJ, Niesing C (2017) Considering complexities in unique African planning approaches: abstracting the role of African urban residents. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 223:415–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies C, Hansen R, Rall E, Pauleit S, Lafortezza R, De Bellis Y, Santos A, Tosics I (2015) Green infrastructure planning and implementation. The status of European green space planning and implementation based on an analysis of selected European city-regions. Green Surge Project, Deliverable 5

    Google Scholar 

  • De Groot RS (1992) Functions of nature: evaluation of nature in environmental planning management and decision-making. Wolters-Noordhoff, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Toit MJ, Cilliers SS, Dallimer M, Goddard M, Guenat S, Cornelius SF (2018) Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services in Sub-Saharan Africa. Landsc Urban Plan 180:240–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey N, Burton M, Mathers A (2011) Place-keeping—responsive, long- term open space management. Town Ctry Plan 81:431–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Frantzeskaki N, Kabisch N (2015) Designing a knowledge co-production operating space for urban environmental governance—lessons from Rotterdam, Netherlands and Berlin, Germany. Environ Sci Policy 62:90–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann J (2010) Place and place-making in cities: a global perspective. Plan Theory Pract 11(2):149–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry G, Tress B, Tress G (2007) Integrative landscape research. In: Wu J, Hobbs RJ (eds) Key topics in landscape ecology: ecosystem function in heterogeneous landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 246–2268

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbens CM, Cilliers EJ (2019) Playing for keeps: how integral are child-friendly spaces to communities in rural areas, with reference to Griekwastad as a case study? Under review

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbens M, Schoeman CB, Cilliers EJ (2019) Conceptualising sustainable rural livelihood development in South Africa as an extension of sustainable development planning: a research and overview article. Academic Research, Litnet Akademies. ISSN 1995-5928

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulsrud NM, Hertzog K, Shears I (2018) Innovative urban forestry governance in Melbourne: Investigating “green placemaking” as a nature-based solution. Environ Res 161:158–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison P, Bobbins K, Culwick C, Humby T, La Mantia C, Todes A, Weakley D (2014) Urban resilience thinking for municipalities. University of the Witwatersrand, Gauteng City-Region Observatory

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson L (1983) Barrier plants in South Arica. Bothalia 14(3and4):6350639

    Google Scholar 

  • Herslund L, Backhaus A, Fryd O, Jørgensen G, Jensen MB, Liu L, Mguni P, Limbumba TM, Mkupasi M, Workalemahu L, Yeshitela K (2018) Conditions and opportunities for green infrastructure—aiming for green, water-resilient cities in Addis Ababa and Dar es Salaam. Landsc Urban Plan 180:319–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herzog C (2016) A multifunctional green infrastructure design to protect and improve native biodiversity in Rio de Janeiro. Landscape Ecol Eng 12:141–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kambites C, Owen S (2006) Renewed prospects for green infrastructure planning in the UK. Plan Pract Res 21:483–496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King AD (2015) “Colonialism and urban development”: Essay written for cities of the Global South reader. In: Miraftab F, Kudva N (eds) Cities of the global south reader. Routledge, London, pp 29–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuruneri-Chitepo C, Shackleton CM (2011) The distribution, abundance and composition of street trees in selected towns of the Eastern Cape South Africa. Urban for Urban Green 10(3):247–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lafortezza R, Chen J, Van Den Bosch CK, Randrup TB (2018) Nature-based solutions for resilient landscapes and cities. Environ Res 165:431–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lategan LG, Cilliers EJ (2017) Considering urban green space and informal backyard rentals in South Africa: disproving the compensation hypothesis. Town Reg Plan 69:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin B, Meyers J, Barnett G (2015) Understanding the potential loss and inequities of green space distribution with urban densification. Urban for Urban Green 14:952–958

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin BB, Meyers JA, Barnett GB (2018) Establishing priorities for urban green infrastructure research in Australia. Urban Policy Res 37(1):30–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindley S, Pauleit S, Yeshitela K, Cilliers S, Shackleton C (2018) Rethinking urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services from the perspective of sub-Saharan African cities. Landsc Urban Plan 180:328–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell S, Taylor J (2013) Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States. Landsc Ecol 28:1447–1463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch K (1960) The image of the city. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Madureira H, Andresen T (2014) Planning for multifunctional urban green infrastructures: promises and challenges. Urban Des Int 19(1):38–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariani T, Amit-Cohen I (2007) Open space planning models: a review of approaches and methods. Landsc Urban Plan 81(1–2):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattijssen TJM, Van Der Jagt APN, Buijs AE, Elands BHM, Erlwein S, Lafortezza R (2017) The long-term prospects of citizens managing urban green space: from place making to place-keeping? Urban for Urban Green 26:78–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnachie MM, Shackleton CM, McGregor GK (2008) The extent of public green space and alien plant species in 10 small towns of the sub-tropical thicket biome, South Africa. Urban for Urban Green 7(1):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meerow S, Newell JP (2017) Research paper: spatial planning for multifunctional green infrastructure: growing resilience in Detroit. Landsc Urban Plan 159:62–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) (2005) Millennium ecosystem assessment synthesis report. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Nataša Bratina J (2014) Perception, experience and the use of public urban spaces by residents of urban neighbourhoods. Urbani Izziv 25(1):107–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauleit S, Liu L, Ahern J, Kazmierczak A (2011) Multifunctional green infrastructure planning to promote ecological services in the city. In: Niemelä J (ed) Urban ecology, patterns, processes and applications. Oxford University Press, pp 272–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Papageorgiou M, Gemenetzi G (2018) Setting the grounds for the green infrastructure in the metropolitan areas of Athens and Thessaloniki: the role of green space. Eur J Environ Sci 8:83–92

    Google Scholar 

  • PPS (Project for public spaces) (2007) Place-making Tools. http://www.pps.org/info/placemakingtools/casesforplaces/gr_place_feat

  • PPS (Project for Public Places) (2011) Why public spaces fail. Placemaking for communities. Project for Public Spaces, 6p. https://www.pps.org/article/failedplacefeat. Accessed 10 Feb 2019

  • Raymond CM, Frantzeskaki N, Kabisch N, Berry P, Breil M, Nita MR, Geneletti D, Calfapietra C (2017) A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas. Environ Sci Policy 77:15–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson M (2012) Introduction: The challenge of urban sustainability. In: Robertson M (ed) Sustainable cities: local solutions in the Global South. Practical action publishing, Ottawa, pp 1–15

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton S, Chinyimba A, Hebinck P, Shackleton C, Kaoma H (2015) Multiple benefits and values of trees in urban landscapes in two towns in northern South Africa. Landsc Urban Plan 136:76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sofield T, Guia J, Specht J (2017) Organic ‘folkloric’ community driven place-making and tourism. Tour Manage 61:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein N (2003) Urban design between theory and practise—from conceptualisation to realisation and back again. Paper for the AESOP-ACSP third joint conference, Leuven, Belgium, 8–12 July

    Google Scholar 

  • TEP (2005) Advancing the delivery of green infrastructure: targeting issues in England’s Northwest. The Environment Partnership

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans W, Jacobs C, Van Hattum T, Lategan L, Cilliers J (2018) Ecosystem-based climate change adaptation for Essenvelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands. Town Reg Plan 71(24):24–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiwary A, Williams ID, Heidrich O, Namdeo A, Bandaru V, Calfapietra C (2016) Development of multi-functional streetscape green infrastructure using a performance index approach. Environ Pollut 208:209–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsegaye S, Singleton TL, Koeser AK, Lamb DS, Landry SM, Lu S, Barber JB, Hilbert DR, Hamilton KO, Northrop RJ, Ghebremichael K (2018) Transitioning from gray to green (G2G)—a green infrastructure planning tool for the urban forest. Urban for Urban Green 40:323–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzoulas K, Korpela K, Venn S, Yli-Pelkonen V, Kaźmierczak A, Niemela J, James P (2007) Review: promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using green infrastructure: a literature review. Landsc Urban Plan 81:167–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Banzhaf E (2018) Review article: towards a better understanding of green infrastructure: a critical review. Ecol Ind 85:758–772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DR (2014) Perspective essay: Making sense of ‘place’: Reflections on pluralism and positionality in place research. Landsc Urban Plan 131:74–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woelk M (2017) The use and perception of urban green spaces through the twentieth century: a case study of the Rondebosch Common. University of Cape Town Faculty of Science Department of Environmental and Geographical Science 2017

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research (or parts thereof) was made possible by the financial contribution of the National Research Foundation South Africa. Any opinion, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s). The NRF does not accept any liability in regard thereto.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juanee Cilliers .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Cilliers, J., Cilliers, S., Lategan, L. (2021). Nature-Based Solutions for Public Green Spaces in Sub-Saharan Africa—Integrating Place-Making and Green Infrastructure. In: Faldi, G., Fisher, A., Moretto, L. (eds) African Cities Through Local Eyes. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84906-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84906-1_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84905-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84906-1

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics