Skip to main content

Michael Grahame Moore

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Thinkers
  • 59 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter introduces Michael Grahame Moore (1938–), Distinguished Professor of Education (Emeritus) at the Pennsylvania State University and a globally-recognized founder of contemporary distance education (DE). The chapter traces what motivated Moore to be interested in DE in the first place and what informed his initial thinking. It then reviews his major contributions to DE, followed by an examination of how his thinking has spurred fresh perspectives of DE, and education in general. Finally, the chapter summarizes the influence of his thinking on other researchers and suggests ways to revisit and further develop it to fit the changing global landscape of (distance) education in the digital age.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, T. (2003). Getting the mix right again: An updated and theoretical rationale for interaction. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(2). http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/149/230

  • Anderson, T., & Garrison, D. R. (1998). Learning in a networked world: New roles and responsibilities. In C. Gibson (Ed.), Distance learners in higher education (pp. 97–112). Atwood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, R. (1966). A psychological definition of adult education. Adult Leadership, 13, 160–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., et al. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 1–126. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3878572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. S. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction. W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabbagh, N., & Bannan-Ritland, B. (2005). Online learning: Concepts, strategies, and application. Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgaty, L. (2018). Transactional distance theory: A critical view of the theoretical and pedagogical underpinnings of e-learning. In Interactive multimedia – Multimedia production and digital storytelling. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81357.

  • Dennen, V. P. (2013). Activity design and instruction in online learning. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Handbook of distance education (pp. 282–298). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J., & Bentley, A. F. (1949). Knowing and the known. Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R. (2000). Theoretical challenges for distance education in the 21st century: A shift from structural to transactional issues. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v1i1.2

  • Garrison, D. R., & Baynton, M. (1987). Concepts: Beyond independence in distance education: The concept of control. The American Journal of Distance Education, 1(3), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648709526593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (1999). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2–3), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorsky, P., & Caspi, A. (2005). Dialogue: A theoretical framework for distance education instructional systems. British Journal of Educational Technology, 36(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2005.00448.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, D. C. A., Willis, D. J., & Gunawardena, C. N. (1994). Learner-interface interaction in distance education: An extension of contemporary models and strategies for practitioners. American Journal of Distance Education, 8, 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923649409526853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, B. (1960). On the methods of teaching by correspondence. Gleerup.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, B. (2003). A theory of distance education based on empathy. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), Handbook of distance education (pp. 79–86). Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jung, I. (2020). A contextualization-generalization-recontextualization cycle in open and distance education theory building and application: A cultural perspective. Distance Education in China, 8, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.13541/j.cnki.chinade.2020.08.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, I., Choi, S., Lim, C., & Leem, J. (2002). Effects of different types of interaction on learning achievement, satisfaction and participation in web-based instruction. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 39, 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703290252934603

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Prentice Hall/Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madland, C., & Richards, G. (2016). Enhancing student-student online interaction: Exploring the study buddy peer review activity. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 17, 157–175. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v17i3.2179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1968). Some educational implications of the humanistic psychologies. Harvard Educational Review, 38(4), 685–696. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.38.4.j07288786v86w660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1972). Learner autonomy: The second dimension of independent learning. Convergence, 5(2), 76–88. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1437898934?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1973a). Toward a theory of independent learning and teaching. The Journal of Higher Education, 44(9), 661–679. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1973.11776906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1973b). Some speculations on a definition of independent study [Paper presentation]. The Kellogg Seminar on Independent Learning in the Health Sciences, Vancouver, Canada, University of British Columbia. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED285573.pdf.

  • Moore, M. G. (1983). On a theory of independent study. In D. Stewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives (pp. 69–94). St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. (1986). Self-directed learning and distance education. Journal of Distance Education, 1(1), 7–24. http://www.ijede.ca/index.php/jde/article/view/307/762

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1989). Editorial: Three types of interaction. American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1990). Recent contributions to the theory of distance education. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 5(3), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0268051900050303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education (pp. 20–35). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (Ed.). (2007). Handbook of distance education (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (2008). Where is the historical research? American Journal of Distance Education, 22(2), 67–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923640802035014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (Ed.). (2013). Handbook of distance education (3rd ed.). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (2019). The theory of transactional distance. In M. G. Moore & W. C. Diehl (Eds.), Handbook of distance education (4th ed., pp. 32–46). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.iwiki.uk/wiki/Michael_G._Moore

  • Moore, M. G., & Anderson, W. G. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of distance education (1st ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G., & Diehl, W. C. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of distance education (4th ed.). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance education: A systems view (1st ed.). Wadsworth Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning (3rd ed.). Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, O. (1998). Learning and teaching in distance education: Analysis and interpretation from an international perspective. Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, O. (2007). The most industrialized form of education. In M. G. Moore (Ed.), The handbook of distance education (2nd ed., pp. 57–68). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. (1969). Freedom to learn. Charles E. Merril Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowntree, D. (1990). Teaching through self-instruction: How to develop open learning materials. Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saba, F. (1988). Concepts: Integrated telecommunications systems and instructional transaction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 2(3), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648809526632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saba, F. (2003). Distance education theory, methodology, and epistemology: A pragmatic paradigm. In M. G. Moore & W. G. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook of distance education (pp. 3–20). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saba, F., & Shearer, R. (1994). Verifying key theoretical concepts in a dynamic model of distance education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 8(1), 36–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923649409526844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saba, F., & Twitchell, D. (1988). Concepts: Research in distance education. A system modeling approach. The American Journal of Distance Education, 2(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648809526605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaughnessy, M. F., Fulgham, S. M., & Moore, M. G. (2008). Interview with Michael G. Moore. Educational Technology, 48(4), 49–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44429593

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin, N. (2000). Michael G. Moore. In M. G. Moore & N. Shin (Eds.), Speaking personally about distance education: Foundations of contemporary practice (pp. 14–221). : The Pennsylvania State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonson, M., Smaldino, S., Albright, M., & Zvacek, S. (2000). Teaching and learning at a distance: Foundations of distance education, second edition. Merrill Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, O. (2000). Supporting students in open and distance learning. Kogan Page.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thelen, H. A. (1972). Education and the human quest: Four designs for education. University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, M. (1997). Distance education: A systems view: Michael G. Moore and Greg Kearsley. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1996. 290 pp ISBN 0-534-6496-4. Computers & Education, 29(4), 209–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1315(97)87926-2.

  • Tough, A. (1971). The adult’s learning projects. Ontario Institute for Studies. in Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verduin, J., & Clark, T. (1991). Distance education: The foundations of effective practice. Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedemeyer, C. A. (1971). Independent study. In R. Deighton (Ed.), Encyclopedia of education IV (pp. 548–557). McMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedemeyer, C. A. (1981). Learning at the back door: Reflections on non-traditional learning in the lifespan. University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wedemeyer, C. A., Woods, C., & Moore, M. G. (1971). The open school. The Governor’s Commission on Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, J. (2018). On the margins or at the center? Distance education in higher education. Distance Education, 39(2), 259–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2018.1429213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zawacki-Richter, O., & Naidu, S. (2016). Mapping research trends from 35 years of publications in distance education. Distance Education, 37, 245–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2016.1185079

    Article  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Moore, M. G. (1972). Learner autonomy: The second dimension of independent learning. Convergence, 5(2), 76–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1973a). Toward a theory of independent learning and teaching. The Journal of Higher Education, 44(9), 661–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1973b). Some speculations on a definition of independent study [Paper presentation]. The Kellogg Seminar on Independent Learning in the Health Sciences, Vancouver, Canada, University of British Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1983). On a theory of independent study. In D. Stewart, D. Keegan, & B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives (pp. 69–94). St. Martin’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. (1986). Self-directed learning and distance education. Journal of Distance Education, 1(1), 7–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1989). Editorial: Three types of interaction. American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1990). Recent contributions to the theory of distance education. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 5(3), 10–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G. (1993). Theory of transactional distance. In D. Keegan (Ed.), Theoretical principles of distance education (pp. 20–35). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G., & Diehl, W. C. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of distance education (4th ed.). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning (3rd ed.). Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Junhong Xiao .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Xiao, J. (2023). Michael Grahame Moore. In: Geier, B.A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Educational Thinkers . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81037-5_172-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81037-5_172-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-81037-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-81037-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education

Publish with us

Policies and ethics