Skip to main content

Moral-Cognitive Delay and Distortions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Forensic Psychology
  • 2593 Accesses

Abstract

Among the factors underpinning much deviant or antisocial behavior are social cognitive limitations that include moral-cognitive delays and distortions—especially, developmental stage delay in moral judgment and self-serving distortions in social perception. Highly power-assertive, physically abusive, and harsh (as well as neglectful or uninvolved) parenting homes offer few if any social perspective-taking opportunities and thereby render the children at risk for these social cognitive limitations and subsequent conduct disorder. A representative case of delay, distortion, and severe antisocial behavior is discussed. Treatment for antisocial individuals must include opportunities for social perspective-taking to remedy their problematic tendencies, especially moral-cognitive delay and distortion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Appiah, K. A. (2008). Experiments in ethics. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquino, K., Reed, A., Thau, S., & Freeman, D. (2007). A grotesque and dark beauty: How moral identity and mechanisms of moral disengagement influence cognitive and emotional reactions to war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 385–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, E. (1992). The theory of cognitive dissonance: The evolution and vicissitudes of an idea. In C. McGarty & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology: Perspectives on mind and society (pp. 20–35). Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. Worth Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, A. Q., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Measuring cognitive distortion in antisocial youth: Development and preliminary evaluation of the How I Think questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 333–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, A. Q., Hawkins, M. A., & Camelia, C. R. T. (2008). Specificity of cognitive distortions to antisocial behaviors. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 18, 104–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, A. Q., Morrison, E. M., Liau, A. K., & Gibbs, J. C. (2001). Moral cognition: Explaining the gender difference in antisocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 47, 532–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, A. Q., Landau, J. R., Stinson, B. L., Liau, A. K., & Gibbs, J. C. (2000). Cognitive distortion and problem behaviors in adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 333–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barriga, A. Q., Sullivan‐Cosetti, M., & Gibbs, J. C. (2009). Moral cognitive correlates of empathy in juvenile delinquents. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19(4), 253–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batson, C. D. (2011). Altruism in humans. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Escaping the self: Alcoholism, spirituality, masochism, and other flights from the burden of selfhood. Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1999). Prisoners of hate: The cognitive basis of anger, hostility, and violence. HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasi, A. (1995). Moral understanding and the moral personality: The process of moral integration. In W. Kurtines & J. I. Gewirtz (Eds.), Moral development: An introduction (pp. 229–253). Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carducci, D. J. (1980). Positive peer culture and assertiveness training: Complementary modalities for dealing with disturbed and disturbing adolescents in the classroom. Behavioral Disorders, 5, 156–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damon, W. (1977). The social world of the child. Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1993). Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 559–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Coie, J. D., & Lynam, D. (2006). Aggression and antisocial behavior in youth. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 719–788). John Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Price, J. M., Bachorowski, J. A., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Hostile attributional biases in severely aggressive adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 385–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. H., Miller, P. H., & Miller, S. A. (2002). Cognitive development (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, T. A., Polaschek, D. L. L., & Ward, T. (2005). Social cognition and sex offenders. In M. McMurran & J. McGuire (Eds.), Social problem solving and offending: Evidence, evaluation, and evolution (pp. 223–247). John Wiley & Sons.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J. (1999). Lost boys: Why our sons turn violent and how we can save them. The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C. (2019). Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C., Barriga, A. Q., & Potter, G. B. (2001). How I Think (HIT) questionnaire. Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C., Basinger, K. S., Grime, R. L., & Snarey, J. R. (2007). Moral judgment development across cultures: Revisiting Kohlberg’s universality claims. Developmental Review, 27, 443–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C., Potter, G., & Goldstein, A. P. (1995). The EQUIP program: Teaching youth to think and act responsibly through a peer-helping approach. Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, V. R., Gibbs, J. C., & Basinger, K. S. (1994). Patterns of developmental delay in moral judgment by male and female delinquents. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 538–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, D. L. (1995). On killing: The psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society. Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groth, A. N., & Birnsbaum, J. J. (1979). Men who rape. Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Haritos-Fatouros, M. (2003). The psychological origins of institutionalized torture. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, T., & Chambers, H. J. (1991). Assessing recidivism risk with juvenile sex offenders. Child Welfare, 70, 333–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, H. C. (1973). Violence without restraint: Reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers. Journal of Social Issues, 29, 25–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, H. C., & Hamilton, V. L. (1989). Crimes of obedience: Toward a social psychology of authority and responsibility. Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. C. (1991). Guiding theory for therapy with children and adolescents. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (pp. 3–24). Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. (1984). Essays on moral development: Vol. 2. The psychology of moral development. Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacayo, R. (April 6, 1998). Toward the root of evil. Time, pp. 34–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larden, M., Melin, L., Holst, U., & Langstrom, N. (2006). Moral judgment, cognitive distortions, and empathy in incarcerated delinquent and community control adolescents. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 12, 453–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liau, A. K., Barriga, A., & Gibbs, J. C. (1998). Relations between self-serving cognitive distortions and overt vs. covert antisocial behavior in adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 24, 335–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lochman, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Distorted perceptions in dyadic interactions of aggressive and nonaggressive boys: Effects of prior expectations, context, and peer age. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 495–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCrady, F., Kaufman, K., Vasey, M. W., Barriga, A. Q., Devlin, R. S., & Gibbs, J. C. (2008). It’s all about me: A brief report of incarcerated adolescent sex offenders’ generic and sex-specific cognitive distortions. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, 261–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menon, M. [Madhavi], Tobin, D. D., Corby, B. C., Menon, M., Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G. (2007). The developmental costs of high self-esteem for antisocial children. Child Development, 78, 1627–1639.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, L., & Herbeck, D. (2001). American terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma city bombing. HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moshman, D. (2004). False moral identity: Self-serving denial in the maintenance of moral self-conceptions. In D. Lapsley & M. Narvaez (Eds.), Morality, self, and identity (pp. 83–110). Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moshman, D. (2007). Us and them: Identity and genocide. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7, 115–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paciello, M., Fida, R., Tramontano, Lupinetti, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2008). Stability and change of moral disengagement and its impact on aggression and violence in late adolescence. Child Development, 79, 1288–1309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1965). Moral judgment of the child (M. Gabain, Trans.). Free Press. (Original work published 1932.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, G. B., Gibbs, J. C., Robbins, M., & Langdon, P. (2021, in preparation). The EQUIP program for high-risk adolescents: A comprehensive cognitive-behavioral program for community and residential agencies (2nd ed.). Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quiggle, N., Garber, J., Panak, W., & Dodge, K. A. (1992). Social information processing in aggressive and depressed children. Child Development, 63, 1305–1320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redl, F., & Wineman, D. (1957). The aggressive child. Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R., Roberts, W. L., Strayer, J., & Koopman, R. (2007). Empathy and emotional responsiveness in delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents. Social Development, 16, 555–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samenow, S. E. (1984). Inside the criminal mind. Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samenow, S. E. (2004). Inside the criminal mind (rev). Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samenow, S. E. (2014). Inside the criminal mind (rev. and updated ed.). Broadway Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalvi, S., Gino, F., Barkan, R., & Ayal, S. (2015). Self-serving justifications: Doing wrong and feeling moral. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 125–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, E. P., Cauffman, E., Piquero, A. R., & Fagan, J. (2011). Moral disengagement among serious juvenile offenders: A longitudinal study of the relations between morally disengaged attitudes and offending. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1619–1632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sijtsema, J. J., Garofalo, C., Jansen, K., & Klimstra, T. A. (2019). Disengaging from evil: Longitudinal associations between the dark triad, moral disengagement, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1351–1365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaby, R. G., & Guerra, N. G. (1988). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: 1 Assessment. Developmental Psychology, 24, 580–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stams, G. J., Brugman, D., Dekovic, M., van Rosmalen, L., van der Laan, P., & Gibbs, J. C. (2006). The moral judgment of juvenile delinquents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 697–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suddendorf, T. (2013). The gap: The science of what separates us from other animals. Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22, 664–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomaes, S., Brummelman, E., Reijntjes, A., & Bushman, B. J. (2013). When narcissus was a boy: Origins, nature, and consequences of childhood narcissism. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 22–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Langen, M., A., M., Stams, G. J. J. M., Van Vugt, E. S., Wissink, I. B., & Asscher, J. J. (2014). Laws, 3, 706–720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wainryb, C., Komolova, M., & Florsheim, P. (2010). How violent youth offenders and typically developing adolescents construct moral agency in narratives about doing harm. In K. C. McLean & M. Pasupathi (Eds.), Narrative development in adolescence (pp. 185–206). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wallinius, M., Johansson, P., Larden, M., & Dernevik, M. (2011). Self-serving cognitive distortions and antisocial behavior among adults and adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 286–2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., & Marshall, W. L. (1995). Cognitive distortion in sex offenders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 470–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. Q., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1985). Crime and human nature. Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yochelson, S., & Samenow, S. E. (1976). The criminal personality: Vol. 1. A profile for change. Jason Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yochelson, S., & Samenow, S. E. (1977). The criminal personality: Vol. 2. The change process. Jason Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

Suggestions for Further Reading

  • Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. Worth Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1999). Prisoners of hate: The cognitive basis of anger, hostility, and violence. HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. C. (2019). Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michel, L., & Herbeck, D. (2001). American terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City bombing. HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, G. B., Gibbs, J. C., Robbins, M., & Langdon, P. (2021, in preparation). The EQUIP program for high-risk adolescents: A comprehensive cognitive-behavioral program for community and residential agencies. (2nd ed.). Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samenow, S. E. (2014). Inside the criminal mind (rev. and updated ed.). Broadway Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John C. Gibbs .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gibbs, J.C. (2022). Moral-Cognitive Delay and Distortions. In: Garofalo, C., Sijtsema, J.J. (eds) Clinical Forensic Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80882-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80882-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-80881-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-80882-2

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics