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Peace and Violence in South America: From Security to a Peace Studies Approach

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Peace and Violence in Brazil

Part of the book series: Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies ((RCS))

Abstract

Taking as a starting point that Brazil cannot be analyzed without a thorough analysis of its sociogeographical surroundings—in this case, the subcontinent of South America—this chapter aims to offer an alternative perspective, based on the concepts of Peace Studies, for understanding the violence and social conflicts in South America. Although this approach is appropriate for understanding the direct and structural violence that permeates South American societies, Peace Studies has rarely been applied to the analysis of the region’s social conflicts. However, traditional approaches to the study of international security are inadequate to understand the current violence in South America. The chapter will first provide the current status of the study of violent conflicts in South America, explaining the conceptual frameworks most commonly used to observe social conflict and violence in the region: state-centered theories, the Copenhagen School, and the human security approach. The relevant concepts of Peace Studies will then be explored as a means to revisit the alarming prevalence of violent deaths, direct, and structural violence seen in poor neighborhoods of South America. The chapter concludes by demonstrating that concepts such as structural violence and positive peace create new opportunities for a multidisciplinary analysis.

This research was partially funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Bolsa Produtividade (Nível 2), granted to Marcos Alan Ferreira, Grant Number #302285/2019-9.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Kalevi Holsti. The State, War and the State of War. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996; Arie Kacowicz. Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective. Albany: State of New York Press, 1998; UNGA—United Nations General Assembly, 2003. South American zone of peace and cooperation. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 57/13. 8 Jan. 2003. For a comprehensive literature review on South America as a zone of peace, see: Rafael D. Villa and Marilia Carolina B. de Souza Pimenta, “A longa paz na América do Sul: questionamento às teses de paz negativa na região,” Papel Político, 21(2), 2016, p. 465.

  2. 2.

    Arie Kacovicz, Op. cit., 1998.

  3. 3.

    Jenny Pearce, “The ‘Violence Turn’ in Peace Studies and Practice.” In: Barbara Unger, Véronique Dudouet, Matteo Dressler and Beatrix Austin (eds.), Undeclared Wars—Exploring a Peacebuilding Approach to Armed Social Violence. Berlin: Berghof Foundation, 1–10, 2012.

  4. 4.

    Carlos M. Perea, “Extreme violence without war and its social reproduction implications for building peace in Latin America”, Peacebuilding, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2019.1633105, 2019; Carlos M. Perea and Jenny Pearce, “Postwar and nonwar violences: learning about peace and peacebuilding from Latin America,” Peacebuilding, https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2019.1632057, 2019; Sabine Kurtenbach, “The limits of peace in Latin America,” Peacebuilding, https://doi.org/10.1080/21647259.2019.1618518, 2019.

  5. 5.

    Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira, “Criminality and violence in South America: The challenges for peace and UNASUR’s response,” International Studies Perspectives, 18(1), pp. 64–80, 2017; HIIK—Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research: Conflict Barometer 2018. Heidelberg: HIIK, 2019; UNODC—United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime: Global Study on Homicide. Vienna: UNODC, 2019.

  6. 6.

    Johan Galtung, “Twenty-five years of peace research: ten challenges and some responses,” Journal of Peace Research, 22(2), 1985, pp. 141–158.

  7. 7.

    David Mares. Violent Peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).

  8. 8.

    Felix Martín. Militarist peace in South America: conditions for war and peace (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).

  9. 9.

    Jorge M. Battaglino. “The coexistence of peace and conflict in South America: toward a new conceptualization of types of peace.” Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 55(2), pp. 131–151.

  10. 10.

    Arie Kacovicz. “Third World zones of peace”, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, 9:2, 1997, pp. 169–176; Arie Kacowicz. Zones of Peace in the Third World, 1998.

  11. 11.

    Holsti. The State, War and the State of War, p. 155.

  12. 12.

    UNGA—United Nations General Assembly, 2003. “South American zone of peace and cooperation.” Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 57/13. 8 Jan. 2003.

  13. 13.

    Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver. Regions and Powers: the structure of international security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

  14. 14.

    Ibid., pp. 321–339.

  15. 15.

    UNDP—United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report 1994. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

  16. 16.

    Bernardo Sorj. “Security, Human Security and Latin America”, Sur—International Journal of Human Rights, 3(2), 2005, p. 39–55.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., p. 35.

  18. 18.

    Rut Diamint. Security Challenges in Latin America, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 23(1), January, 2004, pp. 43–62

  19. 19.

    Barry Buzan and Lene Hansen. The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 203.

  20. 20.

    See: Nicolas Thomas and William Tow. “The Utility of Human Security: Sovereignty and Humanitarian Intervention”, Security Dialogue, 33 (2), 2002, p. 177–192; Alex Bellamy. “Responsibility to Protect or Trojan Horse? The Crisis in Darfur and Humanitarian Intervention in Iraq”, Ethics & International Affairs, 19(2), 2006, pp. 31–54.

  21. 21.

    Rafael D. Villa and Marilia Carolina B. de Souza Pimenta. “A longa paz na América do Sul: questionamento às teses de paz negativa na região,” Papel Político, 21(2), 2016, p. 465.

  22. 22.

    Oliver Richmond. “Critical Research Agendas for Peace: The Missing Link in the Study of International Relations”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. 32 (2), 2007, p. 264.

  23. 23.

    Perea and Pearce. Postwar and nonwar violences, p. 6

  24. 24.

    Johan Galtung. “Violence, Peace and Peace Research”, Journal of Peace Research, 6 (3), 1969, p. 167–191; Johan Galtung. “World Indicators Program,” Security Dialogue, 4, 1973, pp.354–358.

  25. 25.

    Johan Galtung. “Editorial”, Journal of Peace Research, 1(1), 1964, p. 2.

  26. 26.

    Andrés Serbín. “Paz, violência y sociedad civil en América Latina y Caribe. Introducion a algumas nociones básicas”. In: Andrés Serbin (ed.) Construcción de paz y diplomacia ciudadana en América Latina y Caribe. Barcelona/ Buenos Aires: Icaria/ Cries, 2008.

  27. 27.

    Galtung. Violence, Peace and Peace Research, p. 175.

  28. 28.

    Johan Galtung and Tord Höivik. “Structural and Direct Violence: A Note on Operationalization”, Journal of Peace Research, 8(1), 1971, p. 73–76.

  29. 29.

    Adam Blackwell and Paulina Duarte. “Violence, Crime and Social Exclusion.” In: Organization of American States (OAS). Inequality and social inclusion in the Americas: 14 essays. Washington, DC: OAS, 2014.

  30. 30.

    Hubert Grotten and Jürgen Jansen. “Interpreters and Lobbies for Positive Peace”. Journal of Peace Research, 18(2), 1981, p. 177.

  31. 31.

    Pierre Imbusch, Michel Misse and Fernando Carrión. “Violence Research in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Literature Review”. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 5(1), 2011, pp. 87–154.

  32. 32.

    “By ‘cultural violence’ we mean those aspects of culture, the symbolic sphere of our existence—exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art, empirical science and formal science (logic, mathematics)—that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violence. Stars, crosses and crescents; flags, anthems and military parades; the ubiquitous portrait of the Leader; inflammatory speeches and posters—all these come to mind.” Johan Galtung, “Cultural violence,” Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 1990, pp. 291–305.

  33. 33.

    Serbín, “Paz, violência y sociedad civil en América Latina y Caribe,” p. 14.

  34. 34.

    Kurtenbach, The limits of peace in Latin America, p. 11.

  35. 35.

    Jenny Pearce, Politics without Violence? Towards a Post-Weberian Enlightenment (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), p. 8.

  36. 36.

    Perea, Extreme violence without war.

  37. 37.

    Alessandra Heinemann and Dorte Verner, “Crime and Violence in Development: A Literature Review of Latin America and the Caribbean” (Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4041, 2008), p. 6; Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira, “Criminality and Violence in South America: The Challenges for Peace and UNASUR’s Response,” International Studies Perspectives, 18(1), 64–80.

  38. 38.

    Roberto Briceño-León, “La violencia homicida en América Latina,” América Latina Hoy (in Spanish, English summary), 50, 2008, p. 103–116; Imbusch et al., “Violence Research in Latin America and the Caribbean”.

  39. 39.

    UNODC—United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime. Global Study on Homicide (Vienna: UNODC, 2020), Booklet 2, p. 11.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., Booklet 4, p. 34.

  41. 41.

    UNODC. Global Study on Homicide, 2020; UNODC—United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Estimating illicit financial flows resulting from drug trafficking and other transnational organized crimes (UNODC, Vienna, 2011), p. 35.

  42. 42.

    “While homicide data is typically more accessible than other types of armed violence measures, it does not reflect non-fatal types of violence and crime, such as armed robberies, kidnappings, assaults, sexual violence, or non-fatal firearm injuries […]. Furthermore, homicides are rarely recorded as such if the body is not found[…]. Thus, although homicide rates are useful proxies, they frequently under-count the actual numbers of deaths and only provide a partial picture of armed violence victimization.” Small Arms Survey—Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 2012. Small Arms Survey 2012 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2012), p. 10.

  43. 43.

    UNODC. Global Study on Homicide, 2020, Booklet 2, p. 26–27.

  44. 44.

    UNDP—United Nations Development Program. Seguridad Ciudadana con Rostro Humano: diagnóstico y propuestas para América Latina [Security Citizen with Human Face: diagnostics and proposals for Latin America] (UNDP: New York, 2013), p. 52–67.

  45. 45.

    Perea, Extreme violence without war, p. 255.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    Galtung, Violence, Peace and Peace Research; Galtung. Cultural Violence.

  48. 48.

    Kurtenbach, The limits of peace in Latin America, p. 10; Tani Adams. How Chronic Violence Affects Human Development, Social Relations, and the Practice of Citizenship: A Systematic Framework for Action (no. 36) (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Centre, 2017), p. 12; Hanna Samir Kassab and Jonathan Rosen, Illicit Markets, Organized Crime, and Global Security (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), p. 123.

  49. 49.

    Adam Blackwell and Paulina Duarte, “Violence, Crime and Social Exclusion.” In: Organization of American States (OAS). Inequality and social inclusion in the Americas: 14 essays. Washington, D.C.: OAS, 2014.

  50. 50.

    Perea, Extreme violence without war, p. 14.

  51. 51.

    Tani Adams, Op. cit; HRW—Human Rights Watch. Lethal Force: Police Violence and Public Security in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (New York: HRW, 2009); Martha Huggins. “State Violence in Brazil: The Professional Morality of Torturers”. In: Susana Rotker and Katherine Goldman (eds.). Citizens of Fear: urban violence in Latin America (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press,2002).

  52. 52.

    Pedro Rodriguez, “Crime in Latin America: A Broken System.” The Economist, July 12, 2014. Available at: http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21606864-citizens-security-regions-biggest-problem-time-improvecriminal-justice-broken

  53. 53.

    Hanna Samir Kassab and Jonathan Rosen, Illicit Markets, Organized Crime, and Global Security, 2019; UNDP—United Nations Development Program. Seguridad Ciudadana con Rostro Humano, 2014, p. 44.

  54. 54.

    Monica Herz, “Concepts of Security in South America”. International Peacekeeping, 17(5), 2010, p. 603.

  55. 55.

    Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira, “Transnational Organized Crime and Structural Violence in Brazil.” In: Cristina Atieno and Collin Robinson (eds.), Post-conflict Security, Peace and Development. Springer Briefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace, vol 13 (Cham: Springer, 2019).

  56. 56.

    Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira and Oliver P. Richmond, “Blockages to Peace Formation in Latin America: The Role of Criminal Governance.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 15(2), <2021, pp. 141–160; Rafael Duarte Villa, Camila de Macedo Braga, and Marcos Alan S. V. Ferreira, “Violent Nonstate Actors and the Emergence of Hybrid Governance in South America.” Latin American Research Review 56(1), 2021, pp. 36–49.

  57. 57.

    UNODC—United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Estimating illicit financial flows resulting from drug trafficking and other transnational organized crimes (Vienna: UNODC, 2011).

  58. 58.

    Kassab and Rosen, Illicit Markets, Organized Crime, and Global Security, pp. 139–140.

  59. 59.

    HIIK, Conflict Barometer 2018.

  60. 60.

    Ibid.

  61. 61.

    Kurtenbach, The limits of peace in Latin America; Perea. Extreme violence without war; Perea and Pearce. Post war and nonwar violences.

  62. 62.

    Ibid., p. 6.

  63. 63.

    Jordan Ryan. Conflict has changed, and this needs to be reflected in the future development agenda, United Nations Development Program (2013). Available in: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourperspective/ourperspectivearticles/2013/08/02/conflict-has-changed-and-this-needs-to-be-reflected-in-the-future-development-agenda-jordan-ryan.html. [Accessed 5 April 2020].

  64. 64.

    Jesse Banfield, Crime and Conflict: the new challenge for peacebuilding (London: International Alert, 2014).

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    Marcos Alan Ferreira

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    Marcos Alan Ferreira

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Ferreira, M.A. (2022). Peace and Violence in South America: From Security to a Peace Studies Approach. In: Ferreira, M.A. (eds) Peace and Violence in Brazil. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79209-1_1

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