Skip to main content

Realist Inquiry

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Philosophy of Management

Part of the book series: Handbooks in Philosophy ((HP))

Abstract

Realism has become an influential philosophical foundation that has increasingly informed research in management studies. Realism, which assumes that the world external to the subject is mind-independent, offers a particularly attractive way out of the anthropocentrism and idealism in much contemporary research in management studies that detaches theorizing from its material conditions. This becomes especially problematic when understanding and handling the “Grand Challenges” closely connected with our material existence in the world. In this chapter, three different versions of realism – empirical, critical, and scientific realism – are introduced, and it is discussed how the latter two have informed management studies in terms of ontology, epistemology, and praxeology. Finally, some recommendations for future research are summarized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackroyd S, Karlsson JC (2014) Critical realism as an empirical project: a beginner’s guide. In: Edwards PK, O’Mahoney J, Vincent S (eds) Studying organizations using critical realism: a practical guide. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 21–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer M (1998) Introduction: realism in the social science. In: Archer M, Bhaskar R, Collier A, Lawson T, Norrie A (eds) Critical realism: essential readings. Routledge, London, pp 189–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer M, Bhaskar R, Collier A, Lawson T, Norrie A (eds) (1998) Critical realism: essential readings. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bansal P, Kim A, Wood MO (2018) Hidden in plain sight: the importance of scale in organizations’ attention to issues. Acad Manag Rev 43(2):217–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar R (1975/2008) A realist theory of science. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar R (1979/1998) The possibility of naturalism: a philosophical critique of the contemporary human sciences, 3 edn. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhaskar R (2010) Contexts of interdisciplinarity interdisciplinarity and climate change. In: Bhaskar R, Frank C, Høyer KG, Næss P, Parker J (eds) Interdisciplinarity and climate change: transforming knowledge and practice for our global future. Routledge, London, pp 1–24

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (1973) Philosophy of physics (Synthese library). Reidel, Dordrecht/Boston

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (1974–1989) Treatise on basic philosophy, vol 1–8. Reidel, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (1979) Treatise on basic philosophy, vol 4, ontology II: a world of systems. Reidel, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (1981) Scientific materialism (Episteme; vol 9). D. Reidel, Dordrecht et al.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (1993) Realism and antirealism in social science. Theor Decis 35(3):207–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (1996) Finding philosophy in social science. Yale University Press, New Haven/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (1998) Social science under debate. University of Toronto Press, Toronto

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (2006) Chasing reality: strife over realism. University of Toronto Press, Toronto

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (2009) Political philosophy: fact, fiction, and vision. Transaction, Somerset/London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (2010) Matter and mind: a philosophical inquiry. Springer, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M (2013) Medical philosophy: conceptual issues in medicine. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bunge M, Ardila R (1987) Philosophy of psychology. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carnap R (1928/1967) The logical structure of the world. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Contu A, Willmott H (2005) You spin me round: The realist turn in organization and management studies. Journal of Management Studies 42(8):1645–1662

    Google Scholar 

  • Delmestri G, Greenwood R (2016) How Cinderella became a queen: theorizing radical status change. Adm Sci Q 61(4):507–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derrida J (1967/1997) Of grammatology (translation and corrected edition). The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilthey W (1957) Gesammelte Schriften. Teubner, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards PK, O’Mahoney J, Vincent S (eds) (2014) Studying organizations using critical realism: a practical guide. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Feyerabend P (1975) Against method. Outline of an anarchistic theory of knowledge. Verso, London

    Google Scholar 

  • George G, Howard-Grenville J, Joshi A, Tihanyi L (2016) Understanding and tackling societal grand challenges through management research. Acad Manag J 59(6):1880–1895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey PC, Hill CW (1995) The problem of unobservables in strategic management research. Strateg Manag J 16(7):519–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habersang S, Reihlen M (2018) Advancing qualitative meta-analyses: A realist and a constructivist approach. Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2018, No. 1, p. 14206). Briarcliff Manor, NY: Academy of Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habersang S, Küberling-Jost J, Reihlen M, Seckler C (2019) A process perspective on organizational failure: a qualitative meta-analysis. J Manag Stud 56(1):19–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hedström P, Swedberg R (1998) Social mechanisms: an introductory essay. In: Social mechanisms: an analytical approach to social theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–31

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hempel CG (1965) Aspects of scientific explanation. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitt MA, Beamish PW, Jackson SE, Mathieu JE (2007) Building theoretical and empirical bridges across levels: multilevel research in management. Acad Manag J 50(6):1385–1399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkinson GP, Starkey K (2011) Not simply returning to the same answer over and over again: reframing relevance. Br J Manag 22(3):355–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoon C (2013) Meta-synthesis of qualitative case studies: an approach to theory building. Organ Res Methods 16(4):522–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt SD (2005) For truth and realism in management research. Journal of Management Inquiry 14(2):127–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Kipping M, Üsdiken B (2008) Business history and management studies. In: Jones G, Zeitlin J (eds) The Oxford handbook of business history. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 96–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein KJ, Kozlowski SW (2000) From micro to meso: critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multi-level research. Organ Res Methods 3(3):211–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langley A (1999) Strategies for theorizing from process data. Acad Manag Rev 24(4):691–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mader D, Lindner U, Pühretmayer H (2017) Einleitung: critical realism als Philosophie der Sozialwissenschaften. In: Lindner U, Mader D (eds) Critical Realism meets kritische Sozialtheorie: Ontologie, Erklärung und Kritik in den Sozialwissenschaften. Transcript, Bielefeld, pp 7–73

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mahner M, Bunge MA (1997) Foundations of biophilosophy. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell JA (2012) A realist approach for qualitative research. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • McKelvey B (1997) Quasi-natural organization science. Organ Sci 8(4):351–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKelvey B (2003) From fields to science: can organization studies make the transition. In: Westwood RI, Clegg S (eds) Point/counterpoint: central debates in organisation theory. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 47–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles MB, Huberman AM (1994) Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook, 2nd edn. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • Mintzberg H (1979) The structuring of organizations: a synthesis of the research (the theory of management policy series). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  • Niiniluoto I (1999) Critical scientific realism. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Mahoney J, O’Mahoney H, Al-Amoudi I (2017) How can the loggerhead sea-turtle survive? Exploring the journeys of the Caretta caretta using ANT and critical realism. Organization 24(6):781–799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Mahoney J, Vincent S, Harley B (2018) Realist studies of oppression, emancipation and resistance. Organization 25(5):575–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osterloh M, Frey BS (2000) Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organ Sci 11(5):538–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew AM (1997) The double hurdles for management research. In: Clarke T (ed) Advancement in organizational behaviour: essays in honour of Derek S. Pugh. Dartmouth Press, London, pp 277–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper KR (1959) The logic of scientific discovery. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper KR (1962) Conjectures and refutations: the growth of scientific knowledge. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper KR (1972) Objective knowledge. Oxford University Press, Oxford, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Psillos S (2018) The realist turn in the philosophy of science. In: Saatsi J (ed) The Routledge handbook of scientific realism. Routledge, London, pp 20–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramoglou S, Tsang EW (2016) A realist perspective of entrepreneurship: opportunities as propensities. Acad Manag Rev 41(3):410–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed M (2005) Reflections on the ‘realist turn’ in organization and management studies. J Manag Stud 42(8):1621–1644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reed M (2009a) Critical realism in critical management studies. In: Alvesson M, Bridgman T, Willmott H (eds) The Oxford handbook of critical management studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 52–75

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reed M (2009b) Critical realism: philosophy, method, or philosophy in search of a method? In: Buchanan DA, Bryman A (eds) The sage handbook of organizational research methods. Sage, Los Angeles, pp 430–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Reihlen M, Sikora K (2001) Phänomenologischer versus technologischer Ansatz für das Wissensmanagement in Unternehmen - Eine kritisch-konstruktive Auseinandersetzung mit J.-C. Spenders Konzept der knowledge-based theory of the firm. In: Schreyögg G (ed) Wissen in Unternehmen: Konzepte, Maßnahmen, Methoden. Erich Schmidt, Berlin, pp 119–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Reihlen M, Klaas-Wissing T, Ringberg T (2007) Metatheories in management studies: reflections upon individualism, holism, and systemism. M@n@gement 10(3):49–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reihlen M, Schlapfner J-F, Seeger M, Trittin-Ulbrich H (2022) Strategic venturing as legitimacy creation: the case of sustainability. J Manag Stud 59(2):417–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rescher N (1987) Scientific realism: a critical reappraisal (the University of Western Ontario series in philosophy of science, vol 40). D. Reidel, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rescher N (1993) Pluralism: against the demand for consensus (Clarendon library of logic and philosophy). Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Rescher N (2000) Realistic pragmatism: an introduction to pragmatic philosophy (SUNY series in philosophy). State University of New York Press, Albany

    Google Scholar 

  • Rescher N (2010) Reality and its appearance. Continuum International, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau DM, Manning J, Denyer D (2008) Evidence in management and organizational science: assembling the field’s full weight of scientific knowledge through syntheses. Acad Manag Ann 2(1):475–515

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer A (1997) Critical realism and the limits to critical social science. J Theory Soc Behav 27(4):473–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schad J, Bansal P (2018) Seeing the forest and the trees: how a systems perspective informs paradox research. J Manag Stud 55(8):1490–1506

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seckler C, Gronewold U, Reihlen M (2017) An error management perspective on audit quality: toward a multi-level model. Acc Organ Soc 62:21–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorrell S (2018) Explaining sociotechnical transitions: a critical realist perspective. Res Policy 47(7):1267–1282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toulmin SE (1990) Cosmopolis: the hidden agenda of modernity. Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • van Aken JE (2004) Management research based on the paradigm of the design sciences: the quest for field-tested and grounded technological rules. J Manag Stud 41(2):219–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Aken JE (2005) Management research as a design science: articulating the research products of mode 2 knowledge production in management. Br J Manag 16(1):19–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven AH (2007) Engaged scholarship: a guide for organizational and social research. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Ven AH, Poole MS (1995) Explaining development and change in organizations. Acad Manag Rev 20(3):510–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dyck C, Frese M, Baer M, Sonnentag S (2005) Organizational error management culture and its impact on performance: a two-study replication. J Appl Psychol 90(6):1228–1240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varela C (2007) Elder-Vass’s move and Giddens’s call. J Theory Soc Behav 37(2):201–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volkoff O, Strong DM (2013) Critical realism and affordances: theorizing it-associated organizational change processes. MIS Q 37(3):819–834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wan PY-Z (2011) Reframing the social: emergentist systemism and social theory. Ashgate, Surrey

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittgenstein L (1953) Philosophical investigations (Anscombe, GEM, Trans.). B. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Markus Reihlen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Reihlen, M., Habersang, S., Nikolova, N. (2022). Realist Inquiry. In: Neesham, C., Reihlen, M., Schoeneborn, D. (eds) Handbook of Philosophy of Management. Handbooks in Philosophy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76606-1_51

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics