Skip to main content

‘Science Without Scientists’: DIY Biology and the Renegotiation of the Life Sciences

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Science under Siege

Part of the book series: Cultural Sociology ((CULTSOC))

Abstract

This chapter discusses the Do-It-Yourself biology movement, also known as biohacking. DIY biology engages in biological research outside scientific institutions, even though many of those concerned have academic credentials. It is not at all ‘against’ science, but dislikes the ways in which scientific institutions straightjacket science. The chapter maps how DIY biology is informed by the anti-institutional ethos of the countercultural computer hacker movement and its ideals of democratic openness, open source, sharing of resources, and decentralization. It dreams of liberating science from its institutional entrapments, of democratizing research by making it accessible to everyone, and of reawakening the sheer spirit of pleasure, fun, and creativity held to lie at the heart of science. The dream of DIY biology is one of ‘science without scientists,’

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Austen, Kat. 2013. “Citizen Scientist: Out of the Lab and onto the Streets.” New Scientist 218 (2923): 48–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, Gaymon, Nils Gilman, Anthony Stavrianakis, and Paul Rabinow. 2009. “From Synthetic Biology to Biohacking: Are We Prepared?” Nature Biotechnology 27 (12): 1109–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bensaude-Vincent, Bernadette. 2016. “The Moral Economy of Synthetic Biology.” In Synthetic Biology, edited by Joachim Boldt, 87–100. Wiesbaden: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bethencourt, Ryan. 2013. “Biotech’s Cambrian Era.” BioCoder 2013 (Fall): 7–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boltanski, Luc, and Eve Chiapello. 2007. The New Spirit of Capitalism. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callon, Michel, Pierre Lascoumes, and Yannick Barthe. 2009. Acting in an Uncertain World: An Essay on Technical Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, Jane. 2008. “The Commodification of Emergence: Systems Biology, Synthetic Biology and Intellectual Property.” BioSocieties 3 (4): 383–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, Rob. 2001. “Open Source Biology and Its Impact on Industry.” IEEE Spectrum 38 (5): 15–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, Rob. 2005. “Splice It Yourself: Who Needs a Geneticist? Build Your Own DNA Lab.” Wired Magazine 13 (May): 89–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, Rob. 2011. Biology Is Technology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Critical Art Ensemble. 2002. Molecular Invasion, 2002. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry, Helen. 2014. “From Garden Biotech to Garage Biotech: Amateur Experimental Biology in Historical Perspective.” British Journal for the History of Science 47 (3): 539–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delfanti, Alessandro. 2012. “Tweaking Genes in Your Garage: Biohacking between Activism and Entrepreneurship.” In Activist Media and Biopolitics: Critical Media Interventions in the Age of Biopower, edited by Wolfgang Sützl and Theo Hug, 163–77. Innsbruck: Innsbruck University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delfanti, Alessandro. 2013. Biohackers: The Politics of Open Science. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, Ana. 2013. “DIYbio: Making Things and Making Futures.” Futures 48 (April): 65–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, Ana, and Blanca Callén. 2017. “Do-It-Yourself Biology and Electronic Waste Hacking: A Politics of Demonstration in Precarious Times.” Public Understanding of Science 26 (2): 179–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Editorial. “Garage Biology.” 2010. Nature 467 (7316): 634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eerle, Joe, Cahal Moran, and Zach Ward-Perkins. 2016. The Econocracy: The Perils of Leaving Economics to the Experts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Elkington, Joshua. 2015. “The Development of the Personal Genetic Kit.” BioCoder 2015 (Summer): 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Endy, Drew. 2005. “Foundations for Engineering Biology.” Nature 438 (7067): 449–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endy, Drew. 2008. “Synthetic Biology: Can We Make Biology Easy to Engineer?” Industrial Biotechnology 4 (4): 340–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, Steven. 1996. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, Michael, Camille Limoges, and Helga Nowotny. 1994. The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grushkin, Daniel, Todd Kuiken, and Piers Millet. 2013. Seven Myths & Realities about Do-It-Yourself Biology. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, Anna, Sally Wyatt, and Susan Kelly. 2013. “The Gift of Spit (and the Obligation to Return It): How Consumers of Online Genetic Testing Services Participate in Research.” Information, Communication & Society 16 (2): 236–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Louis, and Alan Rockefeller. 2015. “Cataloguing Strains: Isolation and Identification of Invasive Fungi on Citrus Limon.” BioCoder 2015 (Winter): 7–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karberg, Sascha, Hanno Charisius, and Richard Friebe. 2013. Biohacking: Gentechnik aus der Garage. München: Carl Hanser Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, Evelyn Fox. 2009. “Knowing as Making, Making as Knowing: The Many Lives of Synthetic Biology.” Biological Theory 4 (4): 333–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kera, Denisa. 2012. “Hackerspaces and DIYbio in Asia: Connecting Science and Community with Open Data, Kits and Protocols.” Journal of Peer Production 2 (June): 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiken, Todd. 2016. “Learn from DIY biologists.” Nature, 531 (7593): 167–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landrain, Thomas, Morgan Meyer, Ariel Perez, and Remi Sussan. 2013. “Do-It-Yourself Biology: Challenges and Promises for an Open Science and Technology Movement.” Systems and Synthetic Biology 7 (3): 115–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latour, Bruno. 1998. “From the World of Science to the World of Research?” Science 280 (5361): 208–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, Steven. 1984. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Garden City, NY: Nerraw Manijaime/Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loukides, Mike. 2013. “Welcome to BioCoder.” BioCoder 2013 (Fall): 5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loukides, Mike. 2014. “Avoiding the Tragedy of the Anticommons.” BioCoder 2014 (Fall): 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, Morgan. 2013. “Domesticating and Democratizing Science: A Geography of Do-It-Yourself Biology.” Journal of Material Culture 18 (2): 117–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Most, Noah. 2013. “DIYbio around the World.” BioCoder 2013 (Fall): 17–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murer, Alexander. 2015. “From Student Protest to DANN Synthesizer.” BioCoder 2015 (Winter): 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, Bryan. 2014. “Synthetic Biology: Cultural Divide.” Nature 509 (7499): 152–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, Joshua. 2015. “DIY Scientific Publishing.” BioCoder 2015 (Spring): 17–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabesharisoa, Vololona, Tiago Moreira, and Madeleine Akrich. 2014. “Evidence-Based Activism: Patients’, Users’ and Activists’ Groups in Knowledge Society.” BioSocieties 9 (2): 111–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, Kaushik. 2008. “Biocapital as an Emergent Form of Life.” In Biosocialities, Genetics and the Social Sciences: Making Biologies and Identities, edited by Sahra Gibbon and Carlos Novas, 157–87. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravetz, Jerome. 2011. “Postnormal Science and the Maturing of the Structural Contradictions of Modern European Science.” Futures 43 (2): 142–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricou, Joana. 2015. “Other Selves: An Artistic Study of the Human Microbiome.” BioCoder 2015 (Winter): 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schloendorn, John. 2014. “Open Source Biotech Consumables.” BioCoder 2014 (Summer): 11–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scroggins, Michael. 2014. “DIYbio and the Hacking Metaphor.” BioCoder 2014 (Winter 2014): 7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scudellari, Megan. 2013. “Biology Hacklabs.” The Scientist 27 (3): 65–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seyfried, Günter, Lei Pei, and Markus Schmidt. 2014. “European Do‐It‐Yourself (DIY) Biology: Beyond the Hope, Hype and Horror.” BioEssays 36 (6): 548–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, Luis. 2015. “The Present and Bright Future of Synthetic Biology.” BioCoder (Spring): 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, Massimiliano. 2016. “The End and Rebirth of Nature? From Politics of Nature to Synthetic Biology.” Philosophica 47 (1): 109–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, Massimiliano. 2020. “The Diversity of Engineering in Synthetic Biology.” Nanoethics 14 (1): 71–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sismour, Michael and Steven A. Benner. 2005. “Synthetic Biology.” Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 5 (11): 1409–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Söderberg, Johan and Alessandro Delfanti. 2015. “Hacking Hacked! The Life Cycles of Digital Innovation.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 40 (5): 793–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swartz, Aimee. 2016. The Indie Scientist Who vows to leave no Mutation Behind. Popular Science. http://www.popsci.com/indie-scientist-who-vows-to-leave-nomutation-behind

  • Thomas, Douglas. 2002. Hacker Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tocchetti, Sara and Angeli Aguiton, Sara. 2015. “Is an FBI Agent a DIY Biologist Like Any Other? A Cultural Analysis of a Biosecurity Risk.” Science, Technology, & Human Values, 40 (5): 825–853.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaage, Nora S. 2017. “Fringe Biotechnology.” BioSocieties 12 (1): 109–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasekara, Sajith. 2014. “Biotechnology Must Head for the Cloud.” BioCoder 2014 (Spring): 21–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilbanks, Rebecca. 2017. “Real Vegan Cheese and the Artistic Critique of Biotechnology.” Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 3: 180–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlsen, Marcus. 2012. Biopunk: Solving Biotech’s Biggest Problems in Kitchens and Garages. New York: Current.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolinsky, Howard. 2009. “Kitchen Biology.” EMBO Reports 10 (7): 683–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Massimiliano Simons .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Simons, M. (2021). ‘Science Without Scientists’: DIY Biology and the Renegotiation of the Life Sciences. In: Houtman, D., Aupers, S., Laermans, R. (eds) Science under Siege. Cultural Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69649-8_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69649-8_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-69648-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-69649-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics