The Evolution of Public Policy Studies in Kenya

Abstract

This chapter traces the evolution of policy studies with a special focus on Africa in general and Kenya, in particular. It begins by highlighting the differences that exist between a liberal and a Marxist perspective on the state and how these differences translate into contrasting views of policy—the former holding that public policy is the product of a neutral and autonomous state, while the latter maintaining that it reflects the interest of a ruling elite. The liberal theorist gives priority to policy and public administration when debating the state; the Marxist puts primary emphasis on the political nature of policymaking. Both perspectives have been prominent in the evolution of policy studies in Kenya. The chapter identifies three periods in this evolution since independence: the first being dominated by a public administration perspective; the second, much in reaction to the World Bank-imposed Structural Adjustment Programs in the 1980s, a Marxist perspective arguing for a recognition of the political economy predicament of countries like Kenya in the periphery of the world economy; and a third period that has evolved this century focused on democratic theory and the empowerment of citizens to participate in the policy process.